Editing Supercomputer (section)

==High-performance computing clouds==
[[Cloud computing]] with its recent and rapid expansions and development have grabbed the attention of high-performance computing (HPC) users and developers in recent years. Cloud computing attempts to provide HPC-as-a-service exactly like other forms of services available in the cloud such as [[software as a service]], [[platform as a service]], and [[infrastructure as a service]]. HPC users may benefit from the cloud in different angles such as scalability, resources being on-demand, fast, and inexpensive. On the other hand, moving HPC applications have a set of challenges too. Good examples of such challenges are [[virtualization]] overhead in the cloud, multi-tenancy of resources, and network latency issues. Much research is currently being done to overcome these challenges and make HPC in the cloud a more realistic possibility.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jamalian|first1=S.|last2=Rajaei|first2=H.|title=2015 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering |chapter=ASETS: A SDN Empowered Task Scheduling System for HPCaaS on the Cloud |date=1 March 2015|pages=329–334|doi=10.1109/IC2E.2015.56|isbn=978-1-4799-8218-9|s2cid=10974077|url=https://zenodo.org/record/890225}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jamalian|first1=S.|last2=Rajaei|first2=H.|title=2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing |chapter=Data-Intensive HPC Tasks Scheduling with SDN to Enable HPC-as-a-Service |date=1 June 2015|pages=596–603|doi=10.1109/CLOUD.2015.85|isbn=978-1-4673-7287-9|s2cid=10141367|url=https://zenodo.org/record/890223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=A.|last2=Milojicic|first2=D.|title=2011 Sixth Open Cirrus Summit |chapter=Evaluation of HPC Applications on Cloud |date=1 October 2011|pages=22–26|doi=10.1109/OCS.2011.10|isbn=978-0-7695-4650-6|citeseerx=10.1.1.294.3936|s2cid=9405724}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kim|first1=H.|last2=el-Khamra|first2=Y.|last3=Jha|first3=S.|last4=Parashar|first4=M.|title=2009 Fifth IEEE International Conference on e-Science |chapter=An Autonomic Approach to Integrated HPC Grid and Cloud Usage |date=1 December 2009|pages=366–373|doi=10.1109/e-Science.2009.58|isbn=978-1-4244-5340-5|citeseerx=10.1.1.455.7000|s2cid=11502126}}</ref>

In 2016, Penguin Computing, Parallel Works, R-HPC, [[Amazon Web Services]], [[Univa]], [[Silicon Graphics International]], [[Rescale]], Sabalcore, and Gomput started to offer HPC [[cloud computing]]. The Penguin On Demand (POD) cloud is a [[Bare metal|bare-metal]] compute model to execute code, but each user is given [[virtualized]] login node. POD computing nodes are connected via non-virtualized [[10 Gigabit Ethernet|10&nbsp;Gbit/s]] [[Ethernet]] or QDR [[InfiniBand]] networks. User connectivity to the POD [[data center]] ranges from 50&nbsp;Mbit/s to 1&nbsp;Gbit/s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Eadline|first1=Douglas|title=Moving HPC to the Cloud|url=http://www.admin-magazine.com/HPC/Articles/Moving-HPC-to-the-Cloud|website=Admin Magazine|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> Citing Amazon's EC2 Elastic Compute Cloud, Penguin Computing argues that [[virtualization]] of compute nodes is not suitable for HPC. Penguin Computing has also criticized that HPC clouds may have allocated computing nodes to customers that are far apart, causing latency that impairs performance for some HPC applications.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Niccolai|first1=James|title=Penguin Puts High-performance Computing in the Cloud|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/170045/article.html|website=PCWorld|publisher=IDG Consumer & SMB|access-date=6 June 2016|date=11 August 2009}}</ref>