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Tajik language
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==Vocabulary== Tajik is conservative in its vocabulary, retaining numerous terms that have long since fallen into disuse in Iran and Afghanistan, such as {{lang|tg|арзиз}} {{Transliteration|tg|arziz}} {{gloss|tin}} and {{lang|tg|фарбеҳ}} {{Transliteration|tg|farbeh}} {{gloss|fat}}. Most modern [[loanword|loan words]] in Tajik come from [[Russian language|Russian]] as a result of the position of Tajikistan within the [[Soviet Union]]. The vast majority of these Russian loanwords which have entered the Tajik language through the fields of socioeconomics, technology and government, where most of the concepts and vocabulary of these fields have been borrowed from the Russian language. The introduction of Russian loanwords into the Tajik language was largely justified under the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] policy of modernisation and the necessary subordination of all languages to Russian for the achievement of a [[Communism|Communist]] state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marashi |first1=Mehdi |first2=Mohammad Ali |last2=Jazayery |title=Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery |location=Bethesda, MD |publisher=Iranbooks |year=1994 |isbn=9780936347356}}{{page needed|date=May 2024}}</ref> Vocabulary also comes from the geographically close [[Uzbek language]] and, as is usual in [[Islam]]ic countries, from [[Arabic]]. Since the late 1980s, an effort has been made to replace loanwords with native equivalents, using either old terms that had fallen out of use or coined terminology (including from Iranian Persian). Many of the coined terms for modern items such as {{lang|tg|гармкунак}} {{Transliteration|tg|garmkunak}} {{gloss|heater}} and {{lang|tg|чангкашак}} {{Transliteration|tg|čangkašak}} {{gloss|vacuum cleaner}} differ from their Afghan and Iranian equivalents, adding to the difficulty in intelligibility between Tajik and other forms of [[Persian language|Persian]]. In the table below, [[Persian language|Persian]] refers to the standard language of Iran, which differs somewhat from the [[Dari|Dari Persian]] of Afghanistan. Two other Iranian languages, [[Pashto]] and [[Kurmanji|Kurdish (Kurmanji)]], have also been included for comparative purposes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Tajik !! {{lang|tg|моҳ}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|moh}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|нав}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|nav}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|модар}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|modar}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|хоҳар}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|xohar}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|шаб}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|šab}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|бинӣ}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|binī}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|се}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|se}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|сиёҳ}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|siyoh}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|сурх}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|surx}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|зард}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|zard}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|сабз}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|sabz}}</small> !! {{lang|tg|гург}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|tg|gurg}}</small> |- ! colspan="13" | Other [[Iranian languages]] |- ! [[Persian Language|Persian]] | {{lang|fa|ماه|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|māh}}</small> || {{lang|fa|نَو|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|naw}}<br>{{transliteration|fa|now}}</small> || {{lang|fa|مادَر|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|mādar}}</small> || {{lang|fa|خْواهَر|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|xāhar}}</small> || {{lang|fa|شَب|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|šab}}</small> || {{lang|fa|بِینِی|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|bīnī}}</small> || {{lang|fa|سِه|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|sē}}<br>{{transliteration|fa|se}}</small> || {{lang|fa|سِياه|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|siyāh}}</small> || {{lang|fa|سُرْخ|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|surx}}<br>{{transliteration|fa|sorx}}</small>|| {{lang|fa|زَرْد|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|zard}}</small> || {{lang|fa|سَبْز|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|sabz}}</small> || {{lang|fa|گُرْگ|rtl=yes}}<br /> <small>{{transliteration|fa|gurg}}<br>{{transliteration|fa|gorg}}</small> |- ! [[Pashto]] | {{lang|ps|مْیاشْت|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|myâsht}}</small> || {{lang|ps|نٙوَی<br>نٙوَے|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|nəway}}</small> || {{lang|ps|مور|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|mor}}</small> || {{lang|ps|خور|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|xor}}</small> || {{lang|ps|ښْپَه|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|shpa}}</small> || {{lang|ps|پوزَه|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|poza}}</small> || {{lang|ps|دْرې|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|dre}}</small> || {{lang|ps|تور|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|tor}}</small> || {{lang|ps|سُور|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|sur}}</small> || {{lang|ps|زْیَړ|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|zyaṛ}}</small> || {{lang|ps|شِين، زٙرْغُون|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|shin, zərghun}}</small> || {{lang|ps|لېوٙه<br>لېوۀ|rtl=yes}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ps|lewə}}</small> |- ! [[Kurmanji|Kurdish (Kurmanji)]] | {{lang|kmr|meh}} || {{lang|kmr|nû}} || {{lang|kmr|dê}} || {{lang|kmr|xwîşk}} || {{lang|kmr|şev}} || {{lang|kmr|poz}} || {{lang|kmr|sisê, sê}} || {{lang|kmr|reş}} || {{lang|kmr|sor}} || {{lang|kmr|zer}} || {{lang|kmr|kesk}} || {{lang|kmr|gur}} |- ! [[Sorani|Kurdish (Sorani)]] | {{lang|ckb-Latn|mang}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|nwê}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|dayik}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|xoşk}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|şew}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|lût}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|sê}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|reş}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|sûr}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|zerd}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|sewz}} || {{lang|ckb-Latn|gurg}} |- !colspan="13" |Other [[Indo-European languages]] |- ! [[English language|English]] | month || new || mother || sister || night || nose || three || black || red || yellow || green || wolf |- ! [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | {{lang|hy|ամիս}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|amis}}</small> || {{lang|hy|նոր}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|nor}}</small> || {{lang|hy|մայր}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|mayr}}</small> || {{lang|hy|քույր}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|k'uyr}}</small> || {{lang|hy|գիշեր}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|gišer}}</small> || {{lang|hy|քիթ}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|k'it'}}</small> || {{lang|hy|երեք}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|yerek'}}</small> || {{lang|hy|սև}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|sev}}</small> || {{lang|hy|կարմիր}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|karmir}}</small> || {{lang|hy|դեղին}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|deġin}}</small> || {{lang|hy|կանաչ}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|kanač}}</small> || {{lang|hy|գայլ}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|hy|gayl}}</small> |- ! [[Sanskrit]] | {{lang|sa|मास}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|māsa}}</small> || {{lang|sa|नव}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|nava}}</small> || {{lang|sa|मातृ}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|mātr̥}}</small> || {{lang|sa|स्वसृ}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|svasr̥}}</small> || {{lang|sa|नक्त}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|nakta}}</small> || {{lang|sa|नास}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|nāsa}}</small> || {{lang|sa|त्रि}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|tri}}</small> || {{lang|sa|श्याम}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|śyāma}}</small> || {{lang|sa|रुधिर}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|rudhira}}</small> || {{lang|sa|पीत}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|pīta}}</small> || {{lang|sa|हरित}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|harita}}</small> || {{lang|sa|वृक}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|sa|vr̥ka}}</small> |- ! [[Russian language|Russian]] | {{lang|ru|месяц}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|mesjac}}</small> || {{lang|ru|новый}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|novyj}}</small> || {{lang|ru|мать}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|matʹ}}</small> || {{lang|ru|сестра}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|sestra}}</small> || {{lang|ru|ночь}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|nočʹ}}</small> || {{lang|ru|нос}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|nos}}</small> || {{lang|ru|три}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|tri}}</small> || {{lang|ru|чёрный}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|čërnyj}}</small>|| {{lang|ru|красный, рыжий}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|krasnyj, ryžij}}</small> || {{lang|ru|жёлтый}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|žëltyj}}</small>|| {{lang|ru|зелёный}}<br /> <small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|zelënyj}}</small> || {{lang|ru|волк}}<br /><small>{{Transliteration|ru|ISO|volk}}</small> |- |}
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