Editing Timeline of nuclear fusion (section)

== 2020s ==
* '''2020'''
** Assembly of [[ITER]], which has been under construction for years, commences.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rincon|first=Paul|date=2020-07-28|title=Largest nuclear fusion project begins assembly|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53573294|access-date=2020-08-17}}</ref>
** The Chinese experimental [[nuclear fusion]] reactor [[HL-2M]] is turned on for the first time, achieving its first <!--confirmed -->plasma discharge.<ref>{{cite news |title=China turns on nuclear-powered 'artificial sun' (Update) |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-12-china-nuclear-powered-artificial-sun.html |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref>
** On November 1, the [[National Ignition Facility]] records '''the first burning plasma achieved in a laboratory'''.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Zylstra |first1=A. B. |last2=Hurricane |first2=O. A. |last3=Callahan |first3=D. A.|author3-link=Debra Callahan |last4=Kritcher |first4=A. L. |author-link4=Andrea Lynn Kritcher |last5=Ralph |first5=J. E. |last6=Robey |first6=H. F. |last7=Ross |first7=J. S. |last8=Young |first8=C. V. |last9=Baker |first9=K. L. |last10=Casey |first10=D. T. |last11=Döppner |first11=T. |date=Jan 2022 |title=Burning plasma achieved in inertial fusion |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=601 |issue=7894 |pages=542–548 |bibcode=2022Natur.601..542Z |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04281-w |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=8791836 |pmid=35082418}}</ref>'''
* '''2021'''
** On August 8, the [[National Ignition Facility]] records '''the first experiment to surpass the [[Lawson criterion]]'''.'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration |last2=Abu-Shawareb |first2=H. |last3=Acree |first3=R. |last4=Adams |first4=P. |last5=Adams |first5=J. |last6=Addis |first6=B. |last7=Aden |first7=R. |last8=Adrian |first8=P. |last9=Afeyan |first9=B. B. |last10=Aggleton |first10=M. |last11=Aghaian |first11=L. |last12=Aguirre |first12=A. |last13=Aikens |first13=D. |last14=Akre |first14=J. |last15=Albert |first15=F. |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=129 |issue=7 |page=075001 |bibcode=2022PhRvL.129g5001A |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001 |pmid=36018710 |s2cid=250321131 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10044/1/99300}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kritcher |first1=A. L. |author-link=Andrea Lynn Kritcher |last2=Zylstra |first2=A. B. |last3=Callahan |first3=D. A.|author3-link=Debra Callahan |last4=Hurricane |first4=O. A. |last5=Weber |first5=C. R. |last6=Clark |first6=D. S. |last7=Young |first7=C. V. |last8=Ralph |first8=J. E. |last9=Casey |first9=D. T. |last10=Pak |first10=A. |last11=Landen |first11=O. L. |last12=Bachmann |first12=B. |last13=Baker |first13=K. L. |last14=Berzak Hopkins |first14=L. |last15=Bhandarkar |first15=S. D. |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Design of an inertial fusion experiment exceeding the Lawson criterion for ignition |journal=Physical Review E |volume=106 |issue=2 |page=025201 |bibcode=2022PhRvE.106b5201K |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.106.025201 |pmid=36110025 |s2cid=251457864 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zylstra |first1=A. B. |last2=Kritcher |first2=A. L. |last3=Hurricane |first3=O. A. |last4=Callahan |first4=D. A. |author4-link=Debra Callahan|last5=Ralph |first5=J. E. |last6=Casey |first6=D. T. |last7=Pak |first7=A. |last8=Landen |first8=O. L. |last9=Bachmann |first9=B. |last10=Baker |first10=K. L. |last11=Berzak Hopkins |first11=L. |last12=Bhandarkar |first12=S. D. |last13=Biener |first13=J. |last14=Bionta |first14=R. M. |last15=Birge |first15=N. W. |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Experimental achievement and signatures of ignition at the National Ignition Facility |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.106.025202 |journal=Physical Review E |volume=106 |issue=2 |page=025202 |bibcode=2022PhRvE.106b5202Z |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.106.025202 |osti=1959535 |pmid=36109932 |s2cid=251451927}}</ref>'''
** <small>[{{tooltip|2=Category for items about milestone achievements|Record}}]</small> China's [[Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak]] sustains a high-temperature plasma for 101 seconds (120 million °C).<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese 'Artificial Sun' experimental fusion reactor sets world record for superheated plasma time |url=https://nation.com.pk/29-May-2021/chinese-artificial-sun-experimental-fusion-reactor-sets-world-record-for-superheated-plasma-time |date=May 29, 2021 |work=The Nation|access-date=May 31, 2021 }}</ref>
** <small>[{{tooltip|2=Category for items about milestone achievements|Record}}]</small> The [[National Ignition Facility]] achieves ''[[Fusion energy gain factor|Q]]'' = 0.70.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 August 2021|title=NIF Experiment Puts Researchers at Threshold of Fusion Ignition |url=https://lasers.llnl.gov/news/nif-experiment-puts-researchers-threshold-fusion-ignition|access-date=28 August 2021|work=National Ignition Facility}}</ref>
** <small>[{{tooltip|2=Category for items about milestone achievements|Record}}]</small> China's [[Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak]] sustains a high-temperature plasma for 1,056 seconds (70 million °C).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3161780/chinas-artificial-sun-hits-new-high-clean-energy-boost|title = China's 'artificial sun' hits new high in clean energy boost|date = January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |title=Chinese tokamak facility achieves 120-million-degree C for 1,056 seconds |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-01-chinese-tokamak-facility-million-degree-seconds.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1,056 Seconds, another world record for EAST |url=http://english.ipp.cas.cn/syxw/202112/t20211231_295485.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103170927/english.ipp.cas.cn/syxw/202112/t20211231_295485.html |archive-date=2022-01-03  |publisher=Institute Of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy Of Sciences}}</ref>
* '''2022'''
** <small>[{{tooltip|2=Category for items about milestone achievements|Record}}]</small> The [[Joint European Torus]] in Oxford, UK, produces a 59 MJ pulse (5 seconds).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-09|title=Oxford's JET lab smashes nuclear fusion energy output record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-60312633|access-date=2022-02-09|website=BBC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nuclear fusion heat record a 'huge step' in quest for new energy source |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/09/nuclear-fusion-heat-record-a-huge-step-in-quest-for-new-energy-source |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=9 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
** <small>[{{tooltip|2=Category for items about milestone achievements|Record}}]</small> On August 8, the [[National Ignition Facility]] records '''the first laboratory [[Fusion ignition|plasma ignition]]'''. The [[Fusion energy gain factor|energy gain factor]] was ''Q'' = 0.72, the ratio of laser beam input to fusion output.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-08|title=Three peer-reviewed papers highlight scientific results of National Ignition Facility record yield shot |url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/three-peer-reviewed-papers-highlight-scientific-results-national-ignition-facility-record|access-date=2022-08-11|website=LLNL.GOV|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-12|title=Nuclear Fusion Breakthrough Confirmed: California Team Achieved Ignition |url=https://www.newsweek.com/nuclear-fusion-energy-milestone-ignition-confirmed-california-1733238|access-date=2022-08-11|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref>
** <small>[{{tooltip|2=Category for items about milestone achievements|Record}}]</small> On December 5, the [[National Ignition Facility]] records '''the first experiment to surpass [[scientific breakeven]]''', achieving an [[Fusion energy gain factor|energy gain factor]] of ''Q'' = 1.54, producing more fusion energy than the laser beam delivered to the target. Laser efficiency is on the order of 1%.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-13|title=Nuclear-Fusion Energy Breakthrough Reported by Scientists at U.S. Lab |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nuclear-fusion-energy-breakthrough-reported-by-scientists-at-u-s-lab-11670944595|access-date=2022-12-13|website=[[WSJ]]|language=en}}</ref>
* '''2023'''
** <small>[{{tooltip|2=Category for items about milestone achievements|Record}}]</small> On February 15, 2023, [[Wendelstein 7-X]] reached a new milestone: Power plasma with gigajoule energy turnover generated for eight minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-22|title=Wendelstein 7-X reaches milestone|url=https://www.ipp.mpg.de/5322229/01_23|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Max Planck Institute|language=en}}</ref>
** On February 21, 2023, '''the first proton-boron fusion via magnetic confinement''' is reported at Japan's [[Large Helical Device]]. <ref name="p495">{{cite journal |last=Magee |first=R. M. |last2=Ogawa |first2=K. |last3=Tajima |first3=T. |last4=Allfrey |first4=I. |last5=Gota |first5=H. |last6=McCarroll |first6=P. |last7=Ohdachi |first7=S. |last8=Isobe |first8=M. |last9=Kamio |first9=S. |last10=Klumper |first10=V. |last11=Nuga |first11=H. |last12=Shoji |first12=M. |last13=Ziaei |first13=S. |last14=Binderbauer |first14=M. W. |last15=Osakabe |first15=M. |date=2023-02-21 |title=First measurements of p11B fusion in a magnetically confined plasma |journal=Nature Communications |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=14 |issue=1 |page= |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-36655-1 |issn=2041-1723 |doi-access=free|pmc=9941502 }}</ref>
** [[JT-60#JT-60SA|JT-60SA]] achieves first plasma in October, making it the largest operational superconducting tokamak in the world.<ref name="first">{{cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=First plasma 23 October |url=https://www.jt60sa.org/wp/first-plasma-23-october/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027211642/https://www.jt60sa.org/wp/first-plasma-23-october/ |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=JT-60SA}}</ref>
** On 18 December, [[Joint European Torus]] pulses its final plasma before decommissioning, after over 40 years of operation.
* '''2024'''
**In June, the [[HH70]] tokamak, built by the Chinese company Energy Singularity, achieves first plasma. It is '''the first fusion device to exclusively use [[High-temperature superconductivity|high-temperature superconducting]] magnets'''.<ref name="v015">{{cite journal |last=Li |first=Z.Y. |last2=Pan |first2=Z.C. |last3=Zhang |first3=Q.J. |last4=Zhu |first4=K.P. |last5=Zhang |first5=C. |last6=Zhang |first6=Z.W. |last7=Dong |first7=G. |last8=Ye |first8=Y.M. |last9=Yang |first9=Z. |year=2024 |title=Development and construction of magnet system for world’s first full high temperature superconducting tokamak |journal=Superconductivity |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=12 |page=100137 |doi=10.1016/j.supcon.2024.100137 |issn=2772-8307 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
**The [[Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research]] sustains a high-temperature plasma for 48 seconds (100 million °C).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Han |first1=H. |last2=Park |first2=S. J. |last3=Sung |first3=C. |last4=Kang |first4=J. |last5=Lee |first5=Y. H. |last6=Chung |first6=J. |last7=Hahm |first7=T. S. |last8=Kim |first8=B. |last9=Park |first9=J.-K. |last10=Bak |first10=J. G. |last11=Cha |first11=M. S. |last12=Choi |first12=G. J. |last13=Choi |first13=M. J. |last14=Gwak |first14=J. |last15=Hahn |first15=S. H. |last16=Jang |first16=J. |last17=Lee |first17=K. C. |last18=Kim |first18=J. H. |last19=Kim |first19=S. K. |last20=Kim |first20=W. C. |last21=Ko |first21=J. |last22=Ko |first22=W. H. |last23=Lee |first23=C. Y. |last24=Lee |first24=J. H. |last25=Lee |first25=J. H. |last26=Lee |first26=J. K. |last27=Lee |first27=J. P. |last28=Lee |first28=K. D. |last29=Park |first29=Y. S. |last30=Seo |first30=J. |last31=Yang |first31=S. M. |last32=Yoon |first32=S. W. |last33=Na |first33=Y.-S. |title=A sustained high-temperature fusion plasma regime facilitated by fast ions |journal=Nature |date=8 September 2022 |volume=609 |issue=7926 |pages=269–275 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05008-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kfe.re.kr |date=20 March 2024 |title=핵융합 플라스마 장기간 운전기술 확보 청신호, 보도자료, KSTAR연구본부 |language =ko}}</ref>