Editing WordNet (section)

== Related projects and extensions ==
WordNet is connected to several databases of the [[Semantic Web]]. WordNet is also commonly reused via mappings between the WordNet synsets and the categories from ontologies. Most often, only the top-level categories of WordNet are mapped.

=== Global WordNet Association ===
The Global WordNet Association (GWA)<ref>{{cite web|author=The Global WordNet Association |url=http://www.globalwordnet.org/ |title=globalwordnet.org |publisher=globalwordnet.org |date=2010-02-04 |access-date=2014-03-11}}</ref> is a public and non-commercial organization that provides a platform for discussing, sharing and connecting wordnets for all languages in the world. The GWA also promotes the standardization of wordnets across languages, to ensure its uniformity in enumerating the synsets in human languages. The GWA keeps a list of wordnets developed around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wordnets in the World|url=http://www.globalwordnet.org/gwa/wordnet_table.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021114613/http://www.globalwordnet.org/gwa/wordnet_table.html |archive-date=2011-10-21}}</ref>

=== Other languages ===<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
* [[Arabic WordNet]]:<ref>Black W., Elkateb S., Rodriguez H., Alkhalifa M., Vossen P., Pease A., Bertran M., Fellbaum C., (2006) The Arabic WordNet Project, Proceedings of LREC 2006</ref><ref>Lahsen Abouenour, Karim Bouzoubaa, Paolo Rosso (2013) On the evaluation and improvement of Arabic WordNet coverage and usability, Language Resources and Evaluation 47(3) pp 891–917</ref> WordNet for Arabic language.
* [[Arabic Ontology]], a linguistic ontology that has the same structure as wordnet, and mapped to it. 
* The BalkaNet project<ref>D. Tufis, D. Cristea, S. Stamou. 2004. [http://www.racai.ro/~tufis/papers/Tufis-CS-ROMJIST2004.pdf Balkanet: Aims, methods, results and perspectives. A general overview]. ''Romanian J. Sci. Tech. Inform. (Special Issue on Balkanet)'', 7(1-2), pp. 9–43.</ref> has produced WordNets for six European languages (Bulgarian, Czech, Greek, Romanian, Turkish and Serbian). For this project, a freely available XML-based WordNet editor was developed. This editor – VisDic – is not in active development anymore, but is still used for the creation of various WordNets. Its successor, DEBVisDic, is client-server application and is currently used for the editing of several WordNets (Dutch in Cornetto project, Polish, Hungarian, several African languages, Chinese).
* [[BulNet]] is a Bulgarian version of the WordNet developed at the Department of Computational Linguistics of the [[Institute for Bulgarian Language]], Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dcl.bas.bg/BulNet/general_en.html |title=BulNet |publisher=dcl.bas.bg |access-date=2015-05-07}}</ref>
* CWN (Chinese Wordnet or 中文詞彙網路) supported by [[National Taiwan University]].<ref>[http://lope.linguistics.ntu.edu.tw/cwn/ Chinese Wordnet (中文詞彙網路) official page] at National Taiwan University</ref>
* The [[EuroWordNet]] project<ref>P. Vossen, Ed. 1998. EuroWordNet: A Multilingual Database with Lexical Semantic Networks. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.</ref> has produced WordNets for several European languages and linked them together; these are not freely available however. The Global Wordnet project attempts to coordinate the production and linking of "wordnets" for all languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwordnet.org/ |title=The Global WordNet Association |publisher=Globalwordnet.org |date=2010-02-04 |access-date=2014-01-05}}</ref> [[Oxford University Press]], the publisher of the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], has voiced plans to produce their own online competitor to WordNet.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
* FinnWordNet is a Finnish version of the WordNet where all entries of the original English WordNet were translated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/en/lt/research/finnwordnet/ |title=FinnWordNet – The Finnish WordNet - Department of General Linguistics |publisher=Ling.helsinki.fi |access-date=2014-01-05}}</ref>
* [[GermaNet]] is a German version of the WordNet developed by the University of Tübingen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/lsd/index.shtml |title=GermaNet |publisher=Sfs.uni-tuebingen.de |access-date=2014-03-11}}</ref>
* The [[IndoWordNet]]<ref name="PushpakBhattacharyya">Pushpak Bhattacharyya, IndoWordNet, Lexical Resources Engineering Conference 2010 (LREC 2010), Malta, May, 2010.</ref> is a linked lexical knowledge base of wordnets of 18 scheduled languages of India viz., [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bangla (language)|Bangla]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri), [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]].
* JAWS (Just Another WordNet Subset), another French version of WordNet<ref>C. Mouton, G. de Chalendar. 2010.[http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~felipe/TALN2010/Xml/Papers/all/taln2010_submission_71.pdf JAWS : Just Another WordNet Subset]. In ''Proc. of TALN 2010''.</ref> built using the Wiktionary and semantic spaces
* [https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1027.pdf WordNet Bahasa]: WordNet for Malay and Indonesia language, developed by [[Nanyang Technological University|Nanyang University of Technology]].
* [[Malayalam WordNet]], developed by [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|Cochin University Of Science and Technology]].<ref>[http://malayalamwordnet.cusat.ac.in/ Website]</ref>
* Multilingual Central Repository (MCR) integrates in the same EuroWordNet framework wordnets from Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician and Portuguese liked to English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adimen.si.ehu.es/web/mcr/ |title=MCR 3.0 &#124; Adimen |publisher=Adimen.si.ehu.es |date= |accessdate=2022-03-21}}</ref>
* The MultiWordNet project,<ref>E. Pianta, L. Bentivogli, C. Girardi. 2002. [http://multiwordnet.itc.it/paper/MWN-India-published.pdf MultiWordNet: Developing an aligned multilingual database]. In ''Proc. of the 1st International Conference on Global WordNet'', Mysore, India, pp. 21–25.</ref> a multilingual WordNet aimed at producing an Italian WordNet strongly aligned with the Princeton WordNet.
* OpenDutchWordNet,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wordpress.let.vupr.nl/odwn/ |title=Open Dutch WordNet |publisher=Wordpress.let.vupr.nl |date=2015-10-28 |accessdate=2022-03-21}}</ref> is a Dutch lexical semantic database.
* OpenWN-PT is a Brazilian Portuguese version of the original WordNet freely available for download under CC-BY-SA license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/arademaker/openWordnet-PT |title=arademaker/openWordnet-PT — GitHub |publisher=Github.com |access-date=2014-01-05}}</ref>
* [[plWordNet]]<ref>[http://plwordnet.pwr.wroc.pl/wordnet/ official webpage]</ref> is a Polish-language version of WordNet developed by [[Wrocław University of Technology]].
* PolNet<ref>[http://www.ltc.amu.edu.pl/polnet/ official webpage]</ref> is a Polish-language version of WordNet developed by [[Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań]] (distributed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 license).
Projects such as BalkaNet and EuroWordNet made it feasible to create standalone wordnets linked to the original one. Two such projects were the Russian WordNet, patronized by [[Petersburg State University of Means of Communication]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgups.ru/abitur/inostrancam/inter/ruwordnet/ |title=Русский WordNet |publisher=Pgups.ru |access-date=2014-01-05}}</ref> and led by S.A. Yablonsky,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Balkova|first1=Valentina|last2=Sukhonogov|first2=Andrey|last3=Yablonsky|first3=Sergey|title=Russian WordNet From UML-notation to Inter net/Intranet Database Implementation|journal=GWC 2004 Proceedings|date=2003|pages=31–38|url=http://hnk.ffzg.hr/bibl/gwc2004/pdf/127.pdf|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> and Russnet,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://project.phil.spbu.ru/RussNet/index_ru.shtml |title=RussNet: Главная страница |publisher=Project.phil.spbu.ru |access-date=2014-03-11}}</ref> by [[Saint Petersburg State University]].
* UWN is an automatically constructed multilingual lexical knowledge base extending WordNet to cover over a million words in many different languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/yago-naga/uwn |title=UWN: Towards a Universal Multilingual Wordnet - D5: Databases and Information Systems (Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik) |publisher=Mpi-inf.mpg.de |date=2011-08-14 |access-date=2014-01-05}}</ref>
* WOLF (WordNet Libre du Français), a French version of WordNet.<ref>S. Benoît, F. Darja. 2008. [http://alpage.inria.fr/~sagot/pub/Ontolex08.pdf Building a free French wordnet from multilingual resources]. In ''Proc. of Ontolex 2008'', Marrakech, Maroc.</ref>

=== Linked data ===
* [[BabelNet]],<ref>R. Navigli, S. P. Ponzetto. [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P10/P10-1023.pdf BabelNet: Building a Very Large Multilingual Semantic Network]. Proc. of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2010), Uppsala, Sweden, July 11–16, 2010, pp. 216–225.</ref> a very large multilingual [[semantic network]] with millions of concepts obtained by integrating WordNet and Wikipedia using an automatic mapping algorithm.
* The [[Suggested Upper Merged Ontology|SUMO]] ontology<ref>I. Niles, A. Pease 2001. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221234966_Towards_a_Standard_Upper_Ontology Toward a Standard Upper Ontology: A large ontology for the Semantic Web and its applications]. In ''Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS-2001)'',</ref> has a complete manual mapping [https://github.com/ontologyportal/sumo/tree/master/WordNetMappings] <ref>I. Niles, A. Pease 2003. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2880063_Linking_Lexicons_and_Ontologies_Mapping_WordNet_to_the_Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology Linking Lexicons and Ontologies: Mapping WordNet to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology], In ''Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Information and Knowledge Engineering'', pp 412-416</ref> between all of the WordNet synsets and all of SUMO (including its domain ontologies, when WordNet contains a word sense for a given SUMO term) which is browsable at, for example [https://sigma.ontologyportal.org:8443/sigma/Browse.jsp?kb=SUMO&lang=EnglishLanguage&flang=SUO-KIF&term=Object].
* [[OpenCyc]],<ref>S. Reed and D. Lenat. 2002. [http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/mapping-ontologies-into-cyc_v31.pdf Mapping Ontologies into Cyc]. In ''Proc. of AAAI 2002 Conference Workshop on Ontologies For The Semantic Web'', Edmonton, Canada, 2002</ref> an open [[ontology (information science)|ontology]] and [[knowledge base]] of everyday common sense knowledge, has 12,000 terms linked to WordNet synonym sets.
* [[Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering|DOLCE]],<ref>Masolo, C., Borgo, S., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Oltramari, A., Schneider, L.S. 2002. [http://www.loa-cnr.it/Papers/WonderWebD17V2.0.pdf WonderWeb Deliverable D17. The WonderWeb Library of Foundational Ontologies and the DOLCE ontology]. Report (ver. 2.0, 15-08-2002)</ref> is the first module of the WonderWeb Foundational Ontologies Library (WFOL). This upper-ontology has been developed in light of rigorous ontological principles inspired by the philosophical tradition, with a clear orientation toward language and cognition. OntoWordNet<ref>Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Masolo, C., Oltramari, A. 2003 [http://www.loa-cnr.it/Papers/AIMag24-03-003.pdf Sweetening WordNet with DOLCE]. In AI Magazine 24(3): Fall 2003, pp. 13–24</ref> is the result of an experimental alignment of WordNet's upper level with DOLCE. It is suggested that such alignment could lead to an "ontologically sweetened" WordNet, meant to be conceptually more rigorous, cognitively transparent, and efficiently exploitable in several applications.
* [[DBpedia]],<ref>C. Bizer, J. Lehmann, G. Kobilarov, S. Auer, C. Becker, R. Cyganiak, S. Hellmann, [http://www.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/en/institute/pwo/bizer/research/publications/Bizer-etal-DBpedia-CrystallizationPoint-JWS-Preprint.pdf DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data]. Web Semantics, 7(3), 2009, pp. 154–165</ref> a database of structured information, is linked to WordNet.
* The [[eXtended WordNet]]<ref>S. M. Harabagiu, G. A. Miller, D. I. Moldovan. 1999. [http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/acl/W/W99/W99-0501.pdf WordNet 2 – A Morphologically and Semantically Enhanced Resource]. In ''Proc. of the ACL SIGLEX Workshop: Standardizing Lexical Resources'', pp. 1–8.</ref> is a project at the [[University of Texas at Dallas]] which aims to improve WordNet by semantically parsing the glosses, thus making the information contained in these definitions available for automatic knowledge processing systems. It is freely available under a license similar to WordNet's.
* The [[GCIDE]] project produced a dictionary by combining a [[public domain]] ''[[Webster's Dictionary]]'' from 1913 with some WordNet definitions and material provided by volunteers. It was released under the [[copyleft]] license [[GNU General Public License|GPL]].
* [[ImageNet]] is an image database organized according to the WordNet hierarchy (currently only the nouns), in which each node of the hierarchy is depicted by millions of images.<ref>J. Deng, W. Dong, R. Socher, L. Li, K. Li, L. Fei-Fei. [https://nlpainter.googlecode.com/svn-history/r16/trunk/papers/ImageNet__cvpr09.pdf ImageNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database]. In ''Proc. of 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition''</ref> Currently, it has over 500 images per node on average.
* BioWordnet, a biomedical extension of wordnet was abandoned due to issues about stability over versions.<ref>M. Poprat, E. Beisswanger, U. Hahn. 2008. [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W08/W08-0507.pdf Building a BIOWORDNET by Using WORDNET’s Data Formats and WORDNET’s Software Infrastructure – A Failure Story]. In ''Proc. of the Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing Workshop'', pp. 31–39.</ref>
* WikiTax2WordNet, a mapping between WordNet synsets and [[Wikipedia:Categorization|Wikipedia categories]].<ref>S. Ponzetto, R. Navigli. [http://ijcai.org/papers09/Papers/IJCAI09-343.pdf Large-Scale Taxonomy Mapping for Restructuring and Integrating Wikipedia], In ''Proc. of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2009)'', Pasadena, California, July 14-17th, 2009, pp. 2083–2088.</ref>
* WordNet++, a resource including over millions of semantic edges harvested from Wikipedia and connecting pairs of WordNet synsets.<ref>S. P. Ponzetto, R. Navigli. [https://aclanthology.org/P10-1154.pdf Knowledge-rich Word Sense Disambiguation rivaling supervised systems]. In Proc. of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2010, pp. 1522–1531.</ref>
* SentiWordNet, a resource for supporting opinion mining applications obtained by tagging all the WordNet 3.0 synsets according to their estimated degrees of positivity, negativity, and neutrality.<ref>S. Baccianella, A. Esuli and F. Sebastiani. [http://nemis.isti.cnr.it/sebastiani/Publications/LREC10.pdf SentiWordNet 3.0: An Enhanced Lexical Resource for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining]. In Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10), Valletta, MT, 2010, pp. 2200–2204.</ref>
* ColorDict, is an Android application to mobiles phones that use Wordnet database and others, like Wikipedia.
* [[UBY-LMF]] a database of 10 resources including WordNet.

=== Related projects ===
*[[TaxoLLaMa]] is a WordNet-based model designed to enhance LLMs' ability to capture lexical-semantic knowledge.
* [[FrameNet]] is a lexical database that shares some similarities with, and refers to, WordNet. 
* [[Lexical markup framework]] (LMF) is an ISO standard specified within [[ISO/TC37]] in order to define a common standardized framework for the construction of lexicons, including WordNet. The subset of LMF for Wordnet is called Wordnet-LMF. An instantiation has been made within the KYOTO project.<ref>Piek Vossen, Claudia Soria, Monica Monachini: Wordnet-LMF: a standard representation for multilingual wordnets, in ''LMF Lexical Markup Framework'', edited by Gil Francopoulo ISTE / Wiley 2013 ({{ISBN|978-1-84821-430-9}})</ref>
* [[Universal Networking Language|UNL Programme]] is a project under the auspices of [[United Nations|UNO]] aimed to consolidate lexicosemantic data of many languages to be used in machine translation and [[information extraction]] systems.
* [https://meaningmonkey.org/ Meaning Monkey] is a free online dictionary based on the WordNet database.
* [https://dictionary.video/ Dictionary.video] is a video dictionary focusing on pronunciations. Its text part is extended from WordNet.