Editing Written language (section)

== Orthography ==
{{Main|Orthography}}
{{Further|Writing system}}
Writing systems can be broadly classified into several types based on the units of language they correspond with: namely logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic.{{sfnp|Daniels|Bright|1996}} They are distinct from [[phonetic transcription]]s with technical applications, which are not used as writing as such. For example, notation systems for signed languages like [[SignWriting]] been developed,{{sfnp|Galea|2014}} but it is not universally agreed that these constitute a written form of the sign language in themselves.{{sfnp|Meletis|2020|p=69}}

Orthography comprises the rules and conventions for writing a given language,{{sfnp|Crystal|2008}} including how its graphemes are understood to correspond with speech. In some orthographies, there is a one-to-one correspondence between phonemes and graphemes, as in [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Finnish language|Finnish]].{{sfnp|Venezky|1999}} These are known as ''shallow orthographies''. In contrast, orthographies like that of English and French are considered ''deep orthographies'' due to the complex relationships between sounds and symbols.{{sfnp|Roberts|2013|p=96}} For instance, in English, the phoneme  {{IPAslink|f}} can be represented by the graphemes {{gpm|f}} as in {{gpm|fish}}, {{gpm|ph}} as in {{gpm|phone}}, or {{gpm|gh}} as in {{gpm|enough}}.{{sfnp|Kessler|Treiman|2005|pp=120-134}}

Orthographies also include rules about punctuation, capitalization, word breaks, and emphasis. They may also include specific conventions for representing foreign words and names, and for handling spelling changes to reflect changes in pronunciation or meaning over time.{{sfnp|Carney|1994}}