Editing ATP synthase (section)

=== Plant ===
In plants, ATP synthase is also present in [[chloroplasts]] (CF<sub>1</sub>F<sub>O</sub>-ATP synthase). The enzyme is integrated into [[thylakoid]] membrane; the CF<sub>1</sub>-part sticks into [[stroma (fluid)|stroma]], where dark reactions of photosynthesis (also called the light-independent reactions or the [[Calvin cycle]]) and ATP synthesis take place. The overall structure and the catalytic mechanism of the chloroplast ATP synthase are almost the same as those of the bacterial enzyme. However, in chloroplasts, the [[electrochemical potential|proton motive force]] is generated not by respiratory electron transport chain but by primary photosynthetic proteins. The synthase has a 40-aa insert in the gamma-subunit to inhibit wasteful activity when dark.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hahn A, Vonck J, Mills DJ, Meier T, Kühlbrandt W | title = Structure, mechanism, and regulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase | journal = Science | volume = 360 | issue = 6389 | pages = eaat4318 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29748256 | pmc = 7116070 | doi = 10.1126/science.aat4318 | doi-access = free }}</ref>