Editing Active measures (section)

=== Supporting political movements ===
According to [[Stanislav Lunev]], [[GRU (Russian Federation)|GRU]] alone spent more than $1 billion for the [[peace movements]] against the [[Vietnam War]], which was a "hugely successful campaign and well worth the cost".<ref name="Lunev" /> Lunev claimed that "the GRU and the KGB helped to fund just about every [[antiwar movement]] and organization in America and abroad".<ref name="Lunev" />

By the 1980s, the US intelligence community was skeptical of claims that attempted [[Soviet influence on the peace movement]] had a direct influence on the non-aligned part of the movement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Vinocur |first=John |date=1983-07-26 |title=K.G.B. Officers Try To Infiltrate Antiwar Groups |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/26/world/kgb-officers-try-to-infiltrate-antiwar-groups.html |access-date=2021-09-14 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=14 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914182942/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/26/world/kgb-officers-try-to-infiltrate-antiwar-groups.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the KGB's widespread attempts at influence in the United States, [[Switzerland]], and [[Denmark]] targeting the peace movement were known, and the World Peace Council was categorized as a [[communist front]] organization by the CIA.<ref name=":0" />

The [[World Peace Council]] was established on the orders of the Communist Party of the USSR in the late 1940s, and for over forty years carried out campaigns against western, mainly American, military action. Many organisations controlled or influenced by Communists affiliated themselves with it. According to [[Oleg Kalugin]],

<blockquote>... the Soviet intelligence [was] really unparalleled. ... The [KGB] programs—which would run all sorts of congresses, peace congresses, youth congresses, festivals, women's movements, trade union movements, campaigns against U.S. missiles in Europe, campaigns against neutron weapons, allegations that AIDS ... was invented by the CIA ... all sorts of forgeries and faked material—[were] targeted at politicians, the academic community, at [the] public at large. ...<ref name="Kalugin" /></blockquote>

It has been widely claimed that the Soviet Union organised and financed western peace movements; for example, ex-KGB agent [[Sergei Tretyakov (intelligence officer)|Sergei Tretyakov]] claimed that in the early 1980s the KGB wanted to prevent the United States from deploying nuclear missiles in [[Western Europe]] as a counterweight to Soviet missiles in [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern Europe]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nuke.fas.org/control/inf/inf-chron.htm |title=Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces &#91;INF&#93; Chronology |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413221043/https://nuke.fas.org/control/inf/inf-chron.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and that they used the [[Soviet Peace Committee]] to organize and finance anti-American demonstrations in western Europe.<ref name="Comrade J">{{cite book |last=Earley |first=Pete |author-link=Pete Earley |date=2007 |title=Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War |location=New York City |publisher=Berkley Books |pages=167–177 |isbn=978-0-399-15439-3}}</ref><ref name="CNN Opposition to the Bomb">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/the.bomb/opposition/ |title=Opposition to The Bomb: The fear, and occasional political intrigue, behind the ban-the-bomb movements |first=Bruce |last=Kennedy |date=1998 |website=CNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418133553/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/the.bomb/opposition/ |archive-date=April 18, 2008}}</ref><ref name="Moscow and the Peace, Offensive">{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/russiaandeurasia/bg184.cfm |title=Moscow and the Peace, Offensive |first=Jeffrey G. |last=Barlow |date=May 14, 1982 |website=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027233109/http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg184.cfm |archive-date=2008-10-27}}</ref> The Soviet Union first deployed the [[RSD-10 Pioneer]] (called ''SS-20 Saber'' in the West) in its European territories in March 1976, a mobile, concealable [[intermediate-range ballistic missile]] (IRBM) with a [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]] (MIRV) containing three nuclear 150-kiloton [[warhead]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4814/1/1998CantPhD.pdf|title=The development of the SS-20|last=Cant|first=James|date=May 1998|website=Glasgow Thesis Service|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213165043/https://theses.gla.ac.uk/4814/1/1998CantPhD.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The SS-20's range of {{convert|4700–5,000|km|mi|sp=us}} was great enough to reach Western Europe from well within Soviet territory; the range was just below the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks#SALT II Treaty|Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II) Treaty]] minimum range for an [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM).{{convert|5500|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=ss20>{{cite web |title=RSD-10 MOD 1/-MOD 2 (SS-20) |publisher=Missile Threat |date=17 October 2012 |url=http://missilethreat.com/missiles/rsd-10-mod-1-mod-2-ss-20/ |access-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828104632/http://missilethreat.com/missiles/rsd-10-mod-1-mod-2-ss-20/ |archive-date=28 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=faschron>{{cite web |title=Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces [INF] Chronology |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |url=http://fas.org/nuke/control/inf/inf-chron.htm |access-date=15 August 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404053656/https://nuke.fas.org/control/inf/inf-chron.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last1=Bohlen |first1=Avis |author1-link=Avis Bohlen |last2=Burns |first2=William |last3=Pifer |first3=Steven |author3-link=Steven Pifer |last4=Woodworth |first4=John |title=The Treaty on Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces: History and Lessons Learned |year=2012 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/30-arms-control-pifer-paper.pdf |access-date=16 August 2016 |publisher=Brookings Institution |location=Washington, D.C. |page=7 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215124917/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/30-arms-control-pifer-paper.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Tretyakov made further stated that "[t]he KGB was responsible for creating the entire [[nuclear winter]] story to stop the [[Pershing II]] missiles,"<ref name="Comrade J" /> and that they fed misinformation to western peace groups and thereby influenced a key scientific paper on the topic by western scientists.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/4312777 |title=The Atmosphere after a Nuclear War: Twilight at Noon |last1=Crutzen |first1=Paul J. |author-link1=Paul J. Crutzen |last2=Birks |first2=John W. |author-link2=John W. Birks |name-list-style=amp |date=1982 |journal=[[Ambio]] |volume=11 |number=2/3 |pages=114–125|jstor=4312777 }}</ref>

According to intelligence historian [[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]], the KGB in Britain was unable to infiltrate major figures in the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament|CND]], and the Soviets relied on influencing "less influential contacts" which were more receptive to the Moscow line. Andrew wrote that [[MI5]] "found no evidence that KGB funding to the British peace movement went beyond occasional payment of fares and expenses to individuals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Andrew |first=Christopher M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/421785376 |title=The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 |date=2009 |location=London, UK |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-7139-9885-6 |oclc=421785376}}</ref>