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Archaeogenetics
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==== Europe ==== [[File:Genealogy of bashkirian kipchak clan.jpg|thumb|Genealogy of Bashkirian Kipchak Clan]] Analysis of mtDNA shows that modern humans occupied Eurasia in a single migratory event between 60 and 70 kya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Soares|first1=Pedro|last2=Achilli|first2=Alessandro|last3=Semino|first3=Ornella|last4=Davies|first4=William|last5=Macaulay|first5=Vincent|last6=Bandelt|first6=Hans-Jürgen|last7=Torroni|first7=Antonio|last8=Richards|first8=Martin B.|date=2010-02-23|title=The Archaeogenetics of Europe|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=20|issue=4|pages=R174–83|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.054|pmid=20178764|s2cid=7679921|issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free}}</ref> Genetic evidence shows that occupation of the Near East and Europe happened no earlier than 50 kya.<ref name=":1" /> Studying haplogroup U has shown separate dispersals from the Near East both into Europe and into North Africa.<ref name=":1" /> Much of the work done in archaeogenetics focuses on the [[Neolithic transition]] in Europe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge World History, Volume II|last=Baker|first=Graeme|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0521192187|location=Cambridge|oclc=889666433}}</ref> Cavalli-Svorza's analysis of genetic-geographic patterns led him to conclude that there was a massive influx of Near Eastern populations into Europe at the start of the Neolithic.<ref name=":2" /> This view led him “to strongly emphasize the expanding early farmers at the expense of the indigenous Mesolithic foraging populations.”<ref name=":2" /> mtDNA analysis in the 1990s, however, contradicted this view. M.B. Richards estimated that 10–22% of extant European mtDNA's had come from Near Eastern populations during the Neolithic.<ref name=":2" /> Most mtDNA's were “already established” among existing Mesolithic and Paleolithic groups.<ref name=":2" /> Most “control-region lineages” of modern European mtDNA are traced to a founder event of reoccupying northern Europe towards the end of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] (LGM).<ref name=":1" /> One study of extant European mtDNA's suggest this reoccupation occurred after the end of the LGM, although another suggests it occurred before.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Analysis of haplogroups V, H, and U5 support a “pioneer colonization” model of European occupation, with incorporation of foraging populations into arriving Neolithic populations.<ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, analysis of ancient DNA, not just extant DNA, is shedding light on some issues. For instance, comparison of Neolithic and mesolithic DNA has indicated that the development of dairying preceded widespread [[lactose tolerance]].<ref name=":2" />
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