Editing Architecture of India (section)

==Jain architecture==
[[File:Palitana.jpg|thumb|[[Palitana Jain Temples]]]]
[[File:Deogarh, UP. Jain temple complex.jpg|thumb|[[Jain temples at Deogarh|Jain Temple complex, Deogarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], before 862]]
{{Main|Jain temple}}
{{Further|Māru-Gurjara architecture}}
Jain temple architecture is generally close to Hindu temple architecture, and in ancient times Buddhist religious architecture. Normally the same builders and carvers worked for all religions, and regional and period styles are generally similar. The basic layout of a Hindu and most Jain temples has consisted of a small [[garbhagriha]] or sanctuary for the main [[murti]] or [[cult image]]s, over which the high superstructure rises, then one or more larger [[mandapa]] halls.

The earliest survivals of Jain architecture are part of the [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] tradition, initially shared with Buddhism, and by the end of the classical period with Hinduism. Very often numbers of rock-cut Jain temples and monasteries share a site with those of the other religions, as at [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]], [[Bava Pyara Caves|Bava Pyara]], Ellora, [[Aihole]], [[Badami cave temples|Badami]], and [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds|Kalugumalai]]. The [[Ellora Caves]] are a late site, which contains temples of all three religions, as the earlier Buddhist ones give way to later Hindu excavations.

There is considerable similarity between the styles of the different religions, but often the Jains placed large figures of one or more of the 24 [[tirthankara]]s in the open air rather than inside the shrine. These statues later began to be very large, normally standing nude figures in the ''[[kayotsarga]]'' meditation position (which is similar to standing [[at attention]]). Examples include the [[Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments]] and the [[Siddhachal Caves]], with groups of statues, and a number of single figures including the 12th-century [[Gommateshwara statue]], and the modern [[Statue of Vasupujya]] and, largest of all at {{convert|108|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} tall, the [[Statue of Ahimsa]].

The main buildings of the largest Dilwara temples are surrounded by "cloister" screens of ''devakulikā'' shrines, and are fairly plain on the outer walls of these; in the case of the Vimal Vasahi this screen was a later addition, around the time of the second temple.<ref>Michell (1990), 274–276; Harle, 226–227</ref> Surrounding the main temple with a curtain of shrines was to become a distinctive feature of the Jain temples of West India, still employed in some modern temples.<ref>Harle, 228</ref>

Mostly funded by private individuals or groups, and catering to a smaller population, Jain temples tend to be at the small or middle end of the range of sizes, but at pilgrimage sites they may cluster in large groups – there are altogether several hundred at Palitana, tightly packed within several high-walled compounds called "tuks" or "tonks".<ref>"Temple-cities"; see also Mitchell (1990) by sites</ref> Temple charitable trusts, such as the very large [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust]], founded in the 17th century and now maintaining 1,200 temples, play a very important role in funding temple building and maintenance.

===Māru-Gurjara architecture===
{{Main|Māru-Gurjara architecture}}
[[File:Ranakpur Jain Temple Ceiling detail.jpg|thumb|Temple ceiling of Ranakpur Jain Temple, [[Rajasthan]]]]
Regional differences in Hindu temples are largely reflected in Jain ones, except that Māru-Gurjara architecture or the "Solanki style" has become to some extent a pan-Indian, indeed pan-global Jain style. This is a particular temple style from [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] (both regions with a strong Jain presence) that originated in both Hindu and Jain temples around 1000, but became enduringly popular with Jain patrons, spreading to other parts of India and the global Jain [[diaspora]] of the last century. It has remained in use, in somewhat modified form, to the present day, indeed also becoming popular again for some Hindu temples in the last century. The style is seen in the groups of pilgrimage temples at [[Dilwara Temples|Dilwara]] on [[Mount Abu]], [[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]], [[Girnar Jain temples|Girnar]] and [[Palitana temples|Palitana]].<ref>Hegewald</ref>

Interiors are more lavishly decorated, with elaborate carving on most surfaces. In particular, Jain temples often have small low domes carved on the inside with a highly intricate rosette design. Another distinctive feature is "flying" arch-like elements between pillars, touching the horizontal beam above in the centre, and elaborately carved. These have no structural function, and are purely decorative. The style developed large pillared halls, many open at the sides, with Jain temples often having one closed and two pillared halls in sequence on the main axis leading to the shrine.

The Māru-Gurjara style did not represent a radical break with earlier styles. The previous styles in north-west India, and the group of Jain temples of Khajuraho, forming part of the famous Khajuraho Group of Monuments are very largely in the same style as their Hindu companions, which were mostly built between 950 and 1050. They share many features with the Māru-Gurjara style: high plinths with many decorated bands on the walls, lavish figurative and decorative carving, balconies looking out on multiple sides, ceiling rosettes, and others, but at Khajuraho the great height of the shikharas is given more emphasis. There are similarities with the contemporary Hoysala architecture from much further south. In both of these styles architecture is treated sculpturally.
<gallery widths="180" heights="200">
File:Ranakpur (2155232277).jpg|Detailed carving of elephant, [[Ranakpur Jain temple|Ranakpur Jain Temple]]
File:RaniKiVav-Patan-Gujarat JM21.jpg|[[Rani ki vav|Rani Ki Vav, Gujarat]]
File:Somanath mandir (cropped).jpg|[[Somnath temple|Somanath Temple]]
File:Adalaj stepwell01.JPG|[[Adalaj Stepwell|Adalaj stepwell]]
File:Taranga Temple 2017.jpg|[[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga Jain Temple, Gujarat]]
</gallery>