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====Hard disk==== The use of [[hard disk]] storage has increased over time as it has become progressively cheaper. Hard disks are usually easy to use, widely available, and can be accessed quickly.<ref name="SpectraLogicDigitalDataStorageOutlook2017" /> However, hard disk backups are [[Hard disk drive#Magnetic recording|close-tolerance mechanical devices]] and may be more easily damaged than tapes, especially while being transported.<ref name="PCWorldHardCoreDataPreservation">{{cite web |last1=Jacobi |first1=John L. |title=Hard-core data preservation: The best media and methods for archiving your data |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2984597/storage/hard-core-data-preservation-the-best-media-and-methods-for-archiving-your-data.html |website=PC World |access-date=19 April 2018 |date=29 February 2016 |at=sec. External Hard Drives(on the shelf, magnetic properties, mechanical stresses, vulnerable to shocks), Tape, Online storage}}</ref> In the mid-2000s, several drive manufacturers began to produce portable drives employing [[Hard disk drive failure#Unloading|ramp loading and accelerometer]] technology (sometimes termed a "shock sensor"),<ref name="HGSTRampLoadUnload">{{cite web |title=Ramp Load/Unload Technology in Hard Disk Drives |url=https://www.hgst.com/sites/default/files/resources/LoadUnload_white_paper_FINAL.pdf |website=HGST |publisher=Western Digital |access-date=29 June 2018 |page=3(sec. Enhanced Shock Tolerance) |date=November 2007}}</ref><ref name="ToshibaCanvio3.0PortableHDD">{{cite web |title=Toshiba Portable Hard Drive (Canvio® 3.0) |url=https://www.toshibadata.com.sg/Product-Canvio-Portable-Hard-Drive.aspx |website=Toshiba Data Dynamics Singapore |publisher=Toshiba Data Dynamics Pte Ltd |access-date=16 June 2018 |year=2018 |at=sec. Overview(Internal shock sensor and ramp loading technology)}}</ref> and by 2010 the industry average in drop tests for drives with that technology showed drives remaining intact and working after a 36-inch non-operating drop onto industrial carpeting.<ref name="IomegaDropShock">{{cite web |title=Iomega Drop Guard ™ Technology |url=https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Projets-informatiques/Drop%20Guard-disque-dur-tres-solide.pdf |website=Hard Drive Storage Solutions |publisher=Iomega Corp. |access-date=12 July 2018 |pages=2(What is Drop Shock Technology?, What is Drop Guard Technology? (... features special internal cushioning .... 40% above the industry average)), 3(*NOTE) |date=20 September 2010}}</ref> Some manufacturers also offer 'ruggedized' portable hard drives, which include a shock-absorbing case around the hard disk, and [[MIL-STD-810#Applicability to "ruggedized" consumer products|claim]] a range of higher drop specifications.<ref name="IomegaDropShock" /><ref name=PCMagBest> {{cite web |author=John Burek |title=The Best Rugged Hard Drives and SSDs |url=https://www.pcmag.com/roundup/361072/the-best-rugged-hard-drives-and-ssds |website=[[PC Magazine]] |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=4 August 2018 |at=What Exactly Makes a Drive Rugged?(When a drive is encased ... you're mostly at the mercy of the drive vendor to tell you the rated maximum drop distance for the drive) |date=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="WirecutterBestPortableHardDrive2017Don'tBuy">{{cite web |author=Justin Krajeski |author2=Kimber Streams |title=The Best Portable Hard Drive |url=http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/best-portable-hard-drive/#dont-buy-a-rugged-portable-hard-drive |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331161821/http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/best-portable-hard-drive/#dont-buy-a-rugged-portable-hard-drive |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 March 2017 |date=20 March 2017}}</ref> Over a period of years the stability of hard disk backups is shorter than that of tape backups.<ref name="ForbesKeepingDataLongTime" /><ref name="IronMountainBestLong-TermDataArchiveSolutions">{{cite web |title=Best Long-Term Data Archive Solutions |url=http://www.ironmountain.com/resources/general-articles/b/best-long-term-data-archive-solutions |website=Iron Mountain |publisher=Iron Mountain Inc. |access-date=19 April 2018 |year=2018 |at=sec. More Reliable(average mean time between failure ... rates, best practice for migrating data)}}</ref><ref name="PCWorldHardCoreDataPreservation" /> External hard disks can be connected via local interfaces like [[SCSI]], [[USB]], [[FireWire]], or [[eSATA]], or via longer-distance technologies like [[Ethernet]], [[iSCSI]], or [[Fibre Channel]]. Some disk-based backup systems, via [[Virtual tape library|Virtual Tape Libraries]] or otherwise, support data deduplication, which can reduce the amount of disk storage capacity consumed by daily and weekly backup data.<ref name="KissellTakeControlBackingUp">{{cite book |last1=Kissell |first1=Joe |title=Take Control of Backing Up Your Mac |date=2011 |publisher=TidBITS Publishing Inc. |location=Ithaca NY |isbn=978-1-61542-394-1 |page=41(Deduplication) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANe3k_7bnAcC&q=retrospect+deduplication&pg=PT41 |access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dcig.com/2009/07/symantec-shows-backup-exec-a-l.html |title=Symantec Shows Backup Exec a Little Dedupe Love; Lays out Source Side Deduplication Roadmap – DCIG |website=DCIG |date=7 July 2009 |access-date=26 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212819/http://www.dcig.com/2009/07/symantec-shows-backup-exec-a-l.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="NetBackupDeduplicationGuide">{{cite web |title=Veritas NetBackup™ Deduplication Guide |url=https://www.veritas.com/content/support/en_US/doc/ka6j00000000ADEAA2 |website=Veritas |publisher=Veritas Technologies LLC |access-date=26 July 2018 |year=2016}}</ref>
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