Editing Behaviorism (section)

== Behavior analysis and culture ==
From its inception, behavior analysis has centered its examination on cultural occurrences ([[B. F. Skinner|Skinner]], 1953,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1954 |title=Skinner, B. F. Science and human behavior. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1953. 461 P. $4.00 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sce.37303805120 |journal=Science Education |language=en |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=436 |bibcode=1954SciEd..38S.436. |doi=10.1002/sce.37303805120 |issn=0036-8326|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 1961,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Metzger |first=Duane |date=1963 |title=The Analysis of Behavior: A Program for Self-Instruction. James G. Holland and B. F. Skinner |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1963.65.1.02a00410 |journal=American Anthropologist |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=179–183 |doi=10.1525/aa.1963.65.1.02a00410 |issn=0002-7294|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 1971,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1973 |title=Beyond Freedom and Dignity: By B. F. Skinner New York, Allred A. Knopf, 1972. 225 pp. $6.95 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/004057367303000115 |journal=Theology Today |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=80 |doi=10.1177/004057367303000115 |issn=0040-5736 |s2cid=220985103|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 1974<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Handel |first1=Warren H. |last2=Skinner |first2=B. F. |date=1978 |title=About Behaviorism. |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2065746 |journal=Contemporary Sociology |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=799 |doi=10.2307/2065746 |jstor=2065746|url-access=subscription }}</ref>). Nevertheless, the methods used to tackle these occurrences have evolved. Initially, culture was perceived as a factor influencing behavior, later becoming a subject of study in itself.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albuquerque |first1=Alessandra R. |last2=Houmanfar |first2=Ramona A. |last3=Freitas-Lemos |first3=Roberta |last4=Vasconcelos |first4=Laércia A. |date=2021 |title=Behavior Analysis of Culture in Brazilian Psychology Graduate Programs: A Literature Review |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s42822-021-00056-0 |journal=Behavior and Social Issues |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=361–382 |doi=10.1007/s42822-021-00056-0 |issn=1064-9506 |s2cid=239630173|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This shift prompted research into group practices and the potential for significant behavioral transformations on a larger scale. Following Glenn's (1986) influential work, "Metacontingencies in Walden Two",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=Sigrid S. |date=1986 |title=Metacontingencies in Walden Two |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03406059 |journal=Behavior Analysis and Social Action |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=2–8 |doi=10.1007/BF03406059 |issn=1065-1047 |s2cid=54779878|url-access=subscription }}</ref>  numerous research endeavors exploring behavior analysis in cultural contexts have centered around the concept of the metacontingency. Glenn (2003) posited that understanding the origins and development of cultures necessitates delving beyond evolutionary and behavioral principles governing species characteristics and individual learned behaviors requires analysis at a major level.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4757-4590-0 |title=Behavior Theory and Philosophy |date=2003 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4419-3405-5 |editor-last=Lattal |editor-first=Kennon A. |location=Boston, MA |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-4590-0 |editor-last2=Chase |editor-first2=Philip N.}}</ref>