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Boletus edulis
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===Pests and predators=== The fruit bodies of ''B. edulis'' can be infected by the parasitic mould-like fungus ''[[Hypomyces chrysospermus]]'', known as the bolete eater, which manifests itself as a white, yellow, or reddish-brown cottony layer over the surface of the mushroom.<ref name="urlHypomyces chrysospermus (MushroomExpert.Com)">{{cite web |url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/hypomyces_chrysospermus.html |title=''Hypomyces chrysospermus'' |author=Kuo M |work= MushroomExpert.Com|access-date=2009-11-02}}</ref> Some reported cases of [[Abdominal pain|stomach ache]] following consumption of dried porcini have been attributed to the presence of this mould on the fruit bodies.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lunghini D, Onofri S, Zucconi L |year=1984 |title= Some cases of intoxication probably caused by ''Sepedonium'' spp. infecting fruiting-bodies of some species of ''Boletus'' |journal=Micologia Italiana |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1/37–1/38 |issn=0390-0460|language=it}}</ref> The mushroom is also used as a food source by several species of mushroom flies,<ref name=Hall1998/> as well as other insects and their [[larvae]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Fungus-Insect Relationships: Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution |author=Bruns TD. |veditors=Wheeler Q, Blackwell M |chapter=Insect mycophagy in the Boletales: fungivore diversity and the mushroom habitat |year=1984 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-231-05695-3|pages=91–129}}</ref> An unidentified species of virus was reported to have infected specimens found in the Netherlands and in Italy; fruit bodies affected by the virus had relatively thick stems and small or no caps, leading to the name "little-cap disease".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Huttinga H, Wichers HJ, Dieleman van Zaayen A |year=1975 |title=Filamentous and polyhedral virus-like particle in ''Boletus edulis'' |journal=Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology |volume=81 |pages=102–106|doi=10.1007/BF01999860 |issue=3|s2cid=35794592 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pisi A, Bellardi ME, Bernicchia A |year=1988 |title=Virus-like particles in ''Boletus edulis'' Bull. ex Fr. in Italy |journal=Phytopathologia Mediterranea |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=115–18 |issn=0031-9465|url=http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/reprint/94/5/757.pdf|access-date=2009-11-03}}</ref> ''Boletus edulis'' is a food source for animals such as the [[banana slug]] ''(Ariolimax columbianus)'',<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Keller HW, Snell KL |year=2002 |title=Feeding activities of slugs on Myxomycetes and macrofungi |journal=Mycologia |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=757–60 |doi= 10.2307/3761690 |jstor=3761690 |pmid=21156549}}</ref> the [[long-haired grass mouse]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bozinovic F, Muñoz-Pedreros A |year=1995 |title=Nutritional ecology and digestive responses of an omnivorous-insectivorous rodent (''Abrothrix longipilis'') feeding on fungus |journal=Physiological Zoology |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=474–89|doi=10.1086/physzool.68.3.30163780 |s2cid=87835970 }}</ref> the [[red squirrel]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Grönwall O, Pehrson Å |year=1984 |title=Nutrient content in fungi as a primary food of the Red Squirrel ''Sciurus vulgaris'' L |journal=Oecologia |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=230–31 |doi= 10.1007/BF00376875|pmid=28312343 |bibcode=1984Oecol..64..230G |s2cid=28125328 }}</ref> and, as noted in one isolated report, the [[fox sparrow]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schiller AM, Larson KW |year=2006 |title=Fox Sparrow foraging on a king bolete mushroom |journal=Northwestern Naturalist |volume=87 |issue=3 |page=252 |doi=10.1898/1051-1733(2006)87[252:FSFOAK]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86235892 |issn=1051-1733}}</ref>
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