Editing Calculator (section)

===Development of electronic calculators===
The first [[mainframe computer]]s, initially using [[vacuum tube]]s and later [[transistor]]s in the logic circuits, appeared in the 1940s and 1950s. Electronic circuits developed for computers also had application to electronic calculators.

The [[Casio]] Computer Company, in [[Japan]], released the Model ''14-A'' calculator in 1957, which was the world's first all-electric (relatively) compact calculator. It did not use electronic logic but was based on [[relay]] technology, and was built into a desk. The [[IBM 608]] plugboard programmable calculator was IBM's first all-transistor product, released in 1957; this was a console type system, with input and output on punched cards, and replaced the earlier, larger, vacuum-tube [[IBM 603]]. 
[[File:LED DISP.JPG|thumb|Early calculator [[light-emitting diode]] (LED) display from the 1970s ([[USSR]])]]

In October 1961, the world's first ''all-electronic desktop'' calculator, the British [[Bell Punch]]/Sumlock Comptometer [[Sumlock ANITA calculator|ANITA]] ('''A''' '''N'''ew '''I'''nspiration '''T'''o '''A'''rithmetic/'''A'''ccounting) was announced.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Simple and Silent |magazine=Office Magazine |date=December 1961 |page=1244}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title='Anita' der erste tragbare elektonische Rechenautomat |trans-title='Anita' the first portable electronic computer |magazine=Büromaschinen Mechaniker |date=November 1961 |page=207}}</ref> This machine used [[vacuum tube]]s, cold-cathode tubes and [[Dekatron]]s in its circuits, with 12 cold-cathode [[Nixie tube|"Nixie"]] tubes for its display. Two models were displayed, the Mk VII for continental Europe and the Mk VIII for Britain and the rest of the world, both for delivery from early 1962. The Mk VII was a slightly earlier design with a more complicated mode of multiplication, and was soon dropped in favour of the simpler Mark VIII. The ANITA had a full keyboard, similar to mechanical [[comptometer]]s of the time, a feature that was unique to it and the later [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] CS-10A among electronic calculators. The ANITA weighed roughly {{convert|33|lb|kg}} due to its large tube system.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ball |first1=Guy |last2=Flamm |first2=Bruce |date=1996 |title=The History of Pocket Electronic Calculators |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/history_of_electronic_calculat.html |website=Vintage Calculators Web Museum |access-date=8 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703140814/http://vintagecalculators.com/html/history_of_electronic_calculat.html |archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> Bell Punch had been producing key-driven mechanical calculators of the comptometer type under the names "Plus" and "Sumlock", and had realised in the mid-1950s that the future of calculators lay in electronics. They employed the young graduate Norbert Kitz, who had worked on the early British [[Pilot ACE]] computer project, to lead the development. The ANITA sold well since it was the only electronic desktop calculator available, and was silent and quick.

The tube technology of the ANITA was superseded in June 1963 by the U.S. manufactured [[Friden, Inc.|Friden]] EC-130, which had an all-transistor design, a stack of four 13-digit numbers displayed on a {{convert|5|in|cm|adj=on}} [[cathode-ray tube]] (CRT), and introduced [[Reverse Polish Notation]] (RPN) to the calculator market for a price of $2200, which was about three times the cost of an electromechanical calculator of the time. Like Bell Punch, Friden was a manufacturer of mechanical calculators that had decided that the future lay in electronics. In 1964 more all-transistor electronic calculators were introduced: [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] introduced the [[CS-10A]], which weighed {{convert|25|kg|lb}} and cost 500,000 yen (${{To USD|500000|JPN}}), and [[Industria Macchine Elettroniche]] of Italy introduced the IME 84, to which several extra keyboard and display units could be connected so that several people could make use of it (but apparently not at the same time). The [[Victor 3900]] was the first to use [[integrated circuit]]s in place of individual [[transistor]]s, but production problems delayed sales until 1966.

[[File:Elka-22 (I197211).png|thumb|The Bulgarian [[ELKA 22]] from 1967]]
There followed a series of electronic calculator models from these and other manufacturers, including [[Canon Inc.|Canon]], [[Mathatronics]], [[Olivetti]], [[SCM Corporation|SCM]] (Smith-Corona-Marchant), [[Sony]], [[Toshiba]], and [[Wang Laboratories|Wang]]. The early calculators used hundreds of [[Bipolar junction transistor#Germanium transistors|germanium transistors]], which were cheaper than [[Transistor#Semiconductor material|silicon transistor]]s, on multiple circuit boards. Display types used were CRT, cold-cathode [[Nixie tube]]s, and [[filament lamp]]s. Memory technology was usually based on the [[delay-line memory]] or the [[magnetic-core memory]], though the Toshiba "Toscal" BC-1411 appears to have used an early form of [[dynamic RAM]] built from discrete components. Already there was a desire for smaller and less power-hungry machines.

[[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria's]] [[ELKA#ELKA 6521|ELKA 6521]],<ref name="elka">{{cite web |title=Българските електронни калкулатори ЕЛКА |url=http://clockwiser.wordpress.com/2012/01/10/elka-hist/ |trans-title=The Bulgarian ELKA electronic calculators |language=bg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023023224/http://clockwiser.wordpress.com/2012/01/10/elka-hist/ |archive-date=2013-10-23 |url-status=live |website=The Clockwiser's Collections |date=10 January 2012 |access-date=1 Oct 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://clockwiser.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/elka6521.jpg |title=ELKA 6521 (photo) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023023226/http://clockwiser.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/elka6521.jpg |archive-date=2013-10-23 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=The Clockwiser's Collections}}</ref> introduced in 1965, was developed by the Central Institute for Calculation Technologies and built at the Elektronika factory in [[Sofia]]. The name derives from '''''EL'''ektronen '''KA'''lkulator'', and it weighed around {{cvt|8|kg|lb}}. It is the first calculator in the world which includes the [[square root]] function. Later that same year were released the [[ELKA 22]] (with a luminescent display)<ref name="elka"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://clockwiser.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/elka22-2.jpg |title=ELKA 22 (photo) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023023227/http://clockwiser.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/elka22-2.jpg |archive-date=2013-10-23 |website=The Clockwiser's Collections |access-date=1 Oct 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rk86.com/frolov/elka22.htm |title=ELKA 22, Bulgarian Calculator |access-date=1 Oct 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526055144/http://rk86.com/frolov/elka22.htm}}</ref> and the ELKA 25, with an built-in printer. Several other models were developed until the first pocket model, the [[ELKA 101]], was released in 1974. The writing on it was in [[Roman script]], and it was exported to western countries.<ref name="elka"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://clockwiser.wordpress.com/2012/01/10/elka-101-135-series/|title=Elka 101-135 series (photo) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023023222/http://clockwiser.wordpress.com/2012/01/10/elka-101-135-series/ |archive-date=2013-10-23 |url-status=live |website=The Clockwiser's Collections |date=10 January 2012 |access-date=1 Oct 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://clockwiser.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/elka100-series.jpg |title=Elka 100 series (photo) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023023229/http://clockwiser.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/elka100-series.jpg |archive-date=2013-10-23 |url-status=live |website=The Clockwiser's Collections |access-date=1 Oct 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=Vintage Calculators Web Museum |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/elka_101.html |access-date=1 Oct 2013 |title=ELKA 101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016092534/http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/elka_101.html |archive-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Programmable calculators====
{{Main|Programmable calculator}}
[[File:Olivetti Programma 101 - Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg|thumb|left|The Italian [[Programma 101]], an early commercial programmable calculator produced by [[Olivetti]] in 1964]]

The first desktop ''programmable calculators'' were produced in the mid-1960s. They included the [[Mathatronics Mathatron]] (1964) and the [[Olivetti]] [[Programma 101]] (late 1965) which were solid-state, desktop, printing, floating point, algebraic entry, programmable, stored-program electronic calculators.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html| title=Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator |website=The Old Calculator Web Museum}}</ref><ref name="oldcalculatormuseum.com">{{cite web| url=https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-math8-48m.html| title=Mathatronics Mathatron 8-48M Mod II Electronic Calculator |website=The Old Calculator Web Museum}}</ref> Both could be programmed by the end user and print out their results. The Programma 101 saw much wider distribution and had the added feature of offline storage of programs via magnetic cards.<ref name="oldcalculatormuseum.com"/>

Another early programmable desktop calculator (and maybe the first Japanese one) was the [[Casio]] (AL-1000) produced in 1967. It featured a [[nixie tube]]s display and had transistor electronics and ferrite core memory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casio AL-1000 calculator |place=Australia |publisher=Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences |url=https://ma.as/365845 |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>

The ''[[Monroe Epic]]'' programmable calculator came on the market in 1967. A large, printing, desk-top unit, with an attached floor-standing logic tower, it could be programmed to perform many computer-like functions. However, the only ''branch'' instruction was an implied unconditional branch (GOTO) at the end of the operation stack, returning the program to its starting instruction. Thus, it was not possible to include any [[conditional branch]] (IF-THEN-ELSE) logic. During this era, the absence of the conditional branch was sometimes used to distinguish a programmable calculator from a computer.

The first Soviet programmable desktop calculator [[ISKRA 123]], powered by the power grid, was released at the start of the 1970s.