Editing Caliphate (section)

==== Almohad Caliphate (1147–1269) ====
{{Main|Almohad Caliphate}}
[[File:Empire almohade.PNG|thumb|The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, {{circa|1180–1212}}]]
The Almohad Caliphate ({{langx|ber|Imweḥḥden}}, from {{lang|ar|الموحدون}} ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Muwaḥḥidun}}'', "[[monotheism|the Monotheists]]" or "the Unifiers") was a Moroccan<ref>[[Bernard Lugan]], ''Histoire du Maroc'', {{ISBN|2262016445}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Carlos |last=Ramirez-Faria |title=Concise Encyclopedia Of World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |year=2007 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-8126907755 |pages=23, 676 |access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> [[Berbers|Berber]] [[Muslim]] movement founded in the 12th century.<ref name="BritannicaAlmohads">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/16820/Almohads |title=Almohads |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516025233/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/16820/Almohads |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Almohad movement was started by [[Ibn Tumart]] among the [[Masmuda]] tribes of southern Morocco. The Almohads first established a Berber state in [[Tinmel]] in the [[Atlas Mountains]] in roughly 1120.<ref name="BritannicaAlmohads" /> The Almohads succeeded in overthrowing the [[Almoravid dynasty]] in governing Morocco by 1147, when [[Abd al-Mu'min]] (r. 1130–1163) conquered Marrakech and declared himself caliph. They then extended their power over all of the [[Maghreb]] by 1159. Al-Andalus followed the fate of Africa, and all Islamic Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buresi |first1=Pascal |last2=El Aallaoui |first2=Hicham |title=Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224–1269): Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Manuscript 4752 of the Hasaniyya Library in Rabat Containing 77 Taqādīm ('appointments') |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl5_--mK8q4C |year=2012 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004233331}}</ref>

The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212, when [[Muhammad al-Nasir]] (1199–1214) was defeated at the [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]] in the [[Sierra Morena]] by an alliance of the Christian princes of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]].{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} Nearly all of the [[Moorish]] dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]] and [[Seville]] falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248, respectively.

The Almohads continued to rule in northern Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the [[Marinid dynasty]], in 1215.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} The last representative of the line, [[Idris al-Wathiq]], was reduced to the possession of [[Marrakesh]], where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western [[Maghreb]].