Editing Civil service (section)

==By country==

=== Americas ===

====Brazil====
{{Main|Brazilian Civil Service}}

Brazil started to move away from a patronage based public service starting in the second half of the 19th century, but written tests and merit only became the norm towards the end of the 1930s, as a result from reforms introduced during [[Getúlio Vargas]] first term as the nation's President.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Maia, B.)) | journal=Revista do Serviço Público | title=A institucionalização do concurso público no Brasil: uma análise sócio-histórica | volume=72 | issue=3 | pages=663–684 | date=30 September 2021 | doi=10.21874/rsp.v72.i3.4639 | s2cid=247648128 | issn=2357-8017| doi-access=free }}</ref>

Civil servants in Brazil ({{langx|pt|servidores públicos}}) are those working in the [[Executive (government)|executive]], [[legislative]], and [[judicial]] branches of the [[Brazil|Federal]], [[States of Brazil|state]], [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]] or [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipal]] governments, including [[congressmen]], [[Senate of Brazil|senators]], [[mayors]], [[Minister (government)|ministers]], the [[President of Brazil|president]] of the [[republic]], and workers in [[government-owned corporation]]s.

Career civil servants (not temporary workers or politicians) are hired only externally on the basis of [[Civil service entrance examination|entrance examinations]] ({{langx|pt|concurso público}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/concurso-publico-in-brazil|title=Concurso Público In Brazil|website=The Brazil Business|date=24 July 2014 |access-date=2021-09-12|archive-date=2021-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912213039/https://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/concurso-publico-in-brazil|url-status=live}}</ref> It usually consists of a written test; some posts may require physical tests (such as policemen), or oral tests (such as professors, judges, prosecutors and attorneys). The rank according to the examination score is used for filling the vacancies.

Entrance examinations are conducted by several institutions with a government mandate, such as CESPE (which belongs to the [[University of Brasília]]) and the [[:pt:Fundação Cesgranrio|Cesgranrio]] Foundation (which is part of the [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]]).

The labor laws and social insurance for civil servants are different from private workers; even between government branches (like different states or cities), the law and insurance differ.

The posts usually are ranked by titles, the most common are ''technician'' for high school literates and ''analyst'' for undergraduates. There's also higher post ranks like auditor, fiscal, chief of police, prosecutor, judge, attorney, etc.

The law does not allow servants to upgrade or downgrade posts internally; they need to be selected in separate external entrance examinations.

====Canada====
{{Main|Public Service of Canada}}
Historians have explored the powerful role of civil service since the 1840s.<ref>R. MacGregor Dawson,  ''The Civil Service of Canada'' (1929); Jack Granatstein, ''The Ottawa Men: The Civil Service Mandarins, 1935–1957'' (Oxford UP, 1982); J.E. Hodgetts, ''Pioneer Public Service: An Administrative History of United Canada, 1841–1867. '' (U of Toronto Press, 1955).</ref>

In Canada, the civil service at the federal level is known as the [[Public Service of Canada]], with each of the ten provincial governments as well as the three territorial governments also having their own separate civil services. The federal civil service consists of all employees of the [[The Crown|crown]]. Ministers' exempt staff and members of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] or [[Canadian Armed Forces]] are not civil servants.<ref name="pop">{{cite web | url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/psm-fpfm/modernizing-modernisation/stats/ssen-ane-eng.asp | title=Population of the Federal Public Service | publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada | access-date=25 June 2016 | author=Government of Canada | date=2011-04-18 | archive-date=2016-06-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622062031/http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/psm-fpfm/modernizing-modernisation/stats/ssen-ane-eng.asp | url-status=live }}</ref> There are approximately 357,000 federal civil servants (2023),<ref name="pop" /> and more than 350,000 employees at the provincial and territorial levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca/en/nav.aspx?sortcode=2.0.2.1|title=ENAP – Canadian governments compared > Provincial|website=etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca|access-date=2011-07-27|archive-date=2011-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913174916/http://etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca/en/nav.aspx?sortcode=2.0.2.1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United States ====
{{Main|Government employees in the United States|United States federal civil service}}
In the United States, the federal civil service was established in 1871. The Civil Service is defined as "all appointive positions in the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of the Government of the United States, except positions in the uniformed services." ({{UnitedStatesCode|5|2101}}). In the early 19th century, government jobs were held at the pleasure of the president—a person could be fired at any time. The [[spoils system]] meant that jobs were used to support the political parties. This was changed in slow stages by the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] of 1883 and subsequent laws. By 1909, almost two-thirds of the U.S. federal work force was appointed based on merit, that is, qualifications measured by tests. Certain senior civil service positions, including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies, are filled by [[Political appointments in the United States|political appointees]]. Under the [[Hatch Act of 1939]], civil servants are not allowed to engage in political activities while performing their duties.

The U.S. civil service includes the [[competitive service]] and the [[excepted service]]. The majority of civil service appointments in the U.S. are made under the competitive service, but the [[U.S. Foreign Service|Foreign Service]], the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], and other National Security positions are made under the excepted service. (U.S. Code Title V)

As of January 2007, the federal government, excluding the Postal Service, employed about 1.8 million civilian workers. The federal government is the nation's single largest employer, although it employs only about 12% of all government employees, compared to 24% at the state level and 63% at the local level.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 March 2014|title=2012 Census of Governments: Employment Summary Report|url=http://www2.census.gov/govs/apes/2012_summary_report.pdf|access-date=8 December 2014|publisher=United States Census Bureau|archive-date=28 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328123045/http://www2.census.gov/govs/apes/2012_summary_report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Although most federal agencies are based in the [[Washington, D.C.]] region, only about 16% (or about 284,000) of the federal government workforce is employed in this region.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 12, 2008|title=Federal Government, Excluding the Postal Service|url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs041.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114201419/http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs041.htm|archive-date=2009-01-14|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref> As of 2014, there are currently 15 federal executive branch agencies and hundreds of subagencies.<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-09-15|title=Louisiana State University Libraries – Federal Agency Index|url=http://www.lib.lsu.edu/gov/faq.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924110119/http://www.lib.lsu.edu/gov/faq.html|archive-date=2014-09-24|access-date=2014-02-18|publisher=Lib.lsu.edu}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, most cities in the US had a spoils system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Anzia |first1=Sarah F. |last2=Trounstine |first2=Jessica |date=2024 |title=Civil Service Adoption in America: The Political Influence of City Employees |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/civil-service-adoption-in-america-the-political-influence-of-city-employees/29DBF25076D5A7E175FDECA2C85CC001 |journal=American Political Science Review |pages=1–17 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0003055424000431 |issn=0003-0554|doi-access=free }}</ref> Over the next few decades, the spoils system was replaced with a civil service system.<ref name=":0" /> U.S. state and local government entities often have competitive civil service systems that are modeled on the national system, in varying degrees.

=== Asia ===

====Brunei====
The Civil Service ({{langx|ms|Perkhidmatan Awam}}) of Brunei. The role of the civil service is as the government's administrative machinery to uphold the supreme authority of His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, uphold the National Philosophy – MIB, Melayu Islam Beraja, ensure the development of the country and ensure the welfare of the people as well as its traditional role as the peacekeeper, law enforcer, regulator and service providers. However, the adjudication system is separate from the civil service to maintain its independence and impartiality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yunos |first1=Rozan |title=Origins of Modern Civil Service in Brunei |url=https://www.academia.edu/35609069 |journal=The Brunei Times |date=January 2010 |publisher=Academia |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001120957/https://www.academia.edu/35609069 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Cambodia====
The Civil Service ({{langx|km|សេវាកម្មស៊ីវិល}}, ''Sevakamm Civil'') of Cambodia is the policy implementing arm of the [[Royal Government of Cambodia]]. In executing this important role, each civil servant ({{langx|km|មន្រ្តីរាជការ}}, ''Montrey Reachkar'') is
obligated to act according to the law and is guided by public policy pronouncements. The ''Common Statute of Civil Servants'' is the primary legislative framework for the Civil Service in Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcs.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Handbook-For-Civil-Servents_2010-12-03.pdf |title=Handbook For Civil Servants |access-date=2020-02-20 |archive-date=2020-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220201129/http://www.mcs.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Handbook-For-Civil-Servents_2010-12-03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

====China====

===== History =====
One of the oldest examples of a civil service based on [[meritocracy]] is the Imperial bureaucracy of China, which can be traced as far back as the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–207 BC).
However, the civil service examinations were practiced on a much smaller scale in comparison to the stronger, centralized bureaucracy of the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279). In response to the regional military rule of [[jiedushi]] and the loss of civil authority during the late Tang period and [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period|Five Dynasties]] (907–960), the Song emperors were eager to implement a system where civil officials would owe their social prestige to the central court and gain their salaries strictly from the central government. This ideal was not fully achieved since many scholar officials were affluent landowners and were engaged in many anonymous business affairs in an age of [[Economy of the Song dynasty|economic revolution in China]]. Nonetheless, gaining a degree through three levels of examination—prefectural exams, provincial exams, and the prestigious palace exams—was a far more desirable goal in society than becoming a merchant. This was because the mercantile class was traditionally regarded with some disdain by the [[scholar-official]] class.

This class of state bureaucrats in the Song period were far less aristocratic than their Tang predecessors. The examinations were carefully structured in order to ensure that people of lesser means than what was available to candidates born into wealthy, landowning families were given a greater chance to pass the exams and obtain an official degree. This included the employment of a bureau of [[copyist]]s who would rewrite all of the candidates' exams in order to mask their handwriting and thus prevent favoritism by graders of the exams who might otherwise recognize a candidate's handwriting. The advent of widespread [[printing]] in the Song period allowed many more examination candidates access to the [[Chinese classics|Confucian texts]] whose mastery was required for passing the exams.

===== Current =====
{{main|Civil Service of the People%27s Republic of China|}}

Hong Kong and Macau have separate civil service systems:
* [[Hong Kong Civil Service]]
* [[Secretariat for Administration and Justice (Macau)|Secretariat for Administration and Justice]] is responsible for the civil service in [[Macau]]

====India====
{{Main|Civil Services of India}}
In India, civil servants are selected as per the [[Constitution of India]]. Civil servants serve at the pleasure of the [[President of India]]. The civil services of India can be classified into two types—the [[All India Services]] and the [[Central Civil Services]] (Group A and B). The recruits are university graduates selected through three phase exams such as the [[Civil Services Examination]] (CSE) or the [[Engineering Services Examination]] (ESE) among others, conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC). Additionally, there are also [[Civil Services of India#State Services|State Civil Services]]. The state civil servants are selected through an examination conducted by [[Public service commissions in India|state public service commissions]]. State civil servants serve at the pleasure of the [[Governor (India)|Governor]].

==== Japan ====
{{main|Civil service of Japan}}

====Pakistan====
{{Main category|Civil service of Pakistan}}
{{Main|Central Superior Services of Pakistan}}
In Pakistan the [[Federal Public Service Commission|FPSC]] (Federal Public Service Commission) conducts a [[competitive examination]] for the [[Central Superior Services of Pakistan]] and other civil-service posts; Pakistan inherited this system from the [[British Raj]]-era [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]].

Pakistan has federal civil servants serving in federal government offices, with staff selected through the Federal Public Service Commission. Similarly, Pakistani provinces select their own public servants through provincial Public Service Commissions. The federal services have some quota against provincial posts, while provincial services have some quota in federal services.

====Taiwan====
The [[Taiwan|ROC]] [[Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China|constitution]] specifies that public servant cannot be employed without examination. The employment is usually lifelong (that is, until age about retirement).

=== Australasia ===

==== Australia ====
{{main|Australian Public Service}}

==== New Zealand ====
{{main|New Zealand public service}}

=== Europe ===

====France====
{{Main|French Civil Service}}
The civil service in France (''fonction publique'') is often incorrectly considered to include all government employees including employees of public corporations, such as [[SNCF]].

Public sector employment is classified into three services; State service, Local service and Hospital service. According to government statistics there were 5.5 million public sector employees in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATnon03141|title=Résultats de la recherche|website=www.insee.fr|access-date=2015-04-03|archive-date=2015-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426115106/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATnon03141|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectivites-locales.gouv.fr/files/files/BIS_96.pdf|title=Local Government employment statistics|access-date=2015-04-03|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205833/http://www.collectivites-locales.gouv.fr/files/files/BIS_96.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Category !!Central Government!! Local Government !! Health service !! Total
|-
| Education||1,360.6||||||1,360.6
|-
| Police||284.4||40||||324.4
|-
| Defence||280.7||||||280.7
|-
| Health & Social||||241||1,153||1,394.0
|-
| Other||516.1||1,631||||2,147.1
|-
| Total||2,441.8||1,912||1,153||5,506.8
|-
| % Civil servants<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1496|title=L'emploi dans la fonction publique en 2012 – Insee Première – 1496|website=www.insee.fr|access-date=2015-06-20|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924225514/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1496|url-status=live}}</ref>||62%||75%||72%||-
|}

====Germany====
The '''Public Service in Germany''' (''[[:de:Öffentlicher Dienst|Öffentlicher Dienst]]'') employed 4.6 million persons {{as of | 2011 | lc = on}}.<ref>[http://www.dgb.de/themen/++co++01027f58-f007-11e0-51a9-00188b4dc422 Index Gute Arbeit: Sonderauswertung Öffentlicher Dienst 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206081127/http://www.dgb.de/themen/++co++01027f58-f007-11e0-51a9-00188b4dc422 |date=2017-12-06 }} DGB (PDF, German)</ref> Public servants are organized<ref>{{cite web |title=Beschäftigte im öffentlichen Dienst |url=https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/oeffentlicher-dienst/zahlen-daten-fakten/zahlen-daten-fakten-node.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911093250/https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/oeffentlicher-dienst/zahlen-daten-fakten/zahlen-daten-fakten-node.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2019 |publisher=Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat |access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> into hired salaried employees (''Arbeitnehmer''), appointed civil servants (''[[Beamter|Beamte]]''), judges, and soldiers. They are employed by public bodies (''Körperschaften des öffentlichen Rechts''), such as [[Districts of Germany|counties (''Kreise'')]], [[states of Germany|states]], the [[politics of Germany|federal government]], etc. In addition to employees directly employed by the state another 1.6 million persons are employed by state owned enterprises<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/OeffentlicheFinanzenSteuern/OeffentlicherDienst/Personal/Tabellen/Gesamthaushalt.html|title=State employees as of June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221103425/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/OeffentlicheFinanzenSteuern/OeffentlicherDienst/Personal/Tabellen/Gesamthaushalt.html|archive-date=2015-02-21}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Category !!Federal Government!! Regional Government!!Municipal Government !! Social Security !! Total
|-
| State employees||458||2,114.4||1,220.7||378.6||4,171.7
|-
| government owned enterprises||240.4||387.1||950.2||24.5||1,602.1
|-
| Total||698.4||2,501.5||2,170.9||403.1||5,733.8
|}

[[Beamter|''Beamte'']] has been a title for government employees for several centuries in German states, but became a standardized group in 1794.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Soldiers other than [[Conscription in Germany|conscripted soldiers]] are not Beamte but have similar rights. Judges are not Beamte but have similar rights too.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beihilferatgeber.de/service/faq/beihilfe-fuer-richter|title=Beihilfe für Richter gilt wie für Beamte – beihilferatgeber.de|website=www.beihilferatgeber.de|access-date=2015-11-21|archive-date=2015-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122085112/http://www.beihilferatgeber.de/service/faq/beihilfe-fuer-richter|url-status=live}}</ref> Public attorneys are all Beamte, whereas most (but not all) professors are Beamte. The group of Beamte have the most secure employment, and the amount they are paid is set by national pay regulations (''Besoldungsordnungen'').<!-- The actual payment varies by employer. --> Beamte are prohibited from [[strike action|striking]].

''Arbeitnehmer'' have work contracts, whereas ''Beamte'' are appointed, employed, and removed in accordance with the Public Sector Service and Loyalty law (''öffentlich-rechtliches Dienst- und Treueverhältnis''). Most tasks can be either done by ''Arbeitnehmer'' or ''Beamte'', however some specific tasks of official nature are supposed to be handled by ''Beamte'' since they are subject to a special loyalty obligation.

''Beamte'' are divided into four levels:
* ''Einfacher Dienst'': ordinary civil service, corresponding to [[enlisted ranks]] in the military, now largely obsolete
* ''Mittlerer Dienst'': medium-level civil service, corresponding to [[non-commissioned officer]]s in the military
* ''Gehobener Dienst'': senior civil service, including civil servant positions such as ''Inspektor'' and above, corresponding to [[commissioned officer]]s from [[Second lieutenant|lieutenant]] to [[captain (armed forces)|captain]] in the military
* ''Höherer Dienst'': higher civil service, including civil servant positions such as ''Rat'' (Councillor) and above as well as academic employees such as Professors, corresponding to [[Major (rank)|major]] and above in the military

''Gehobener Dienst'' and ''Höherer Dienst'' both require a university education or equivalent, at the very least a bachelor's or master's degree, respectively.

====Ireland====
{{Main|Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland}}
The civil service of Ireland includes the employees of the [[Department of state (Ireland)|Departments of State]] (excluded are [[Government of Ireland|government]] [[Minister (government)|ministers]] and a small number of paid political advisors) as well as a small number of core state agencies such as the [[Office of the Revenue Commissioners]], the [[Office of Public Works]], and the Public Appointments Service. The organisation of the Irish Civil Service is very similar to the traditional organization of the British Home Civil Service, and indeed the grading system in the Irish Civil Service is nearly identical to the traditional grading system of its British counterpart. In Ireland, public sector employees such as teachers or members of the country's [[Police|police force]], the ''[[Garda Síochána]]'' are not considered to be civil servants, but are rather described as "public servants" (and form the [[public service of the Republic of Ireland]]).

==== Russia ====
{{Main| Civil Service of the Russian Federation}}

==== Spain ====
The [[Secretariat of State for the Civil Service|civil service]] in Spain (''función pública'') is usually considered to include all the employees at the different levels of the Spanish public administration: [[Government of Spain|central government]], [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities]], as well as [[Municipalities of Spain|municipalities]]. There are three main categories of Spanish public positions: temporary political posts ("personal eventual"), which require a simple procedure for hiring and dismissal and is associated to top level executives and advisors, statutory permanent posts ("funcionarios de carrera"), which require a formal procedure for access that usually involves a competition among candidates and whose tenants are subject to a special statutory relationship of work with their employers, and non statutory permanent posts ("personal laboral"), which also require a formal procedure for entry similar to the procedure required for the "funcionarios de carrera", but whose tenants are subject to normal working conditions and laws. Competitions differ notably among the state, the 17 autonomous communities and the city councils, and the "funcionarios de carrera" and "personal laboral" examinations vary in difficulty from one location to another.

As of 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seap.minhap.gob.es/dms/es/publicaciones/centro_de_publicaciones_de_la_sgt/Periodicas/parrafo/Boletin_Estadis_Personal/BE_ENE2013.pdf|title=Portales SEAT y SEFP:: Secretaría de Estado para las Administraciones Territoriales :: Secretaría de Estado de Función Pública|website=www.seap.minhap.gob.es|access-date=2015-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621021442/http://www.seap.minhap.gob.es/dms/es/publicaciones/centro_de_publicaciones_de_la_sgt/Periodicas/parrafo/Boletin_Estadis_Personal/BE_ENE2013.pdf|archive-date=2015-06-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> there were 2.6 million public employees in Spain, of which 571,000 were civil servants and 2 million were non-civil servants.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Category !! Employee type!!Central Government!! Regional Government !! Municipal !! University!! Total
|-
| Police||Civil servants||147||25||||||172
|-
| Defence||Civil servants||124||||||||124
|-
| Health & Social||Civil servants||||321||||||321
|-
| ||other public employees||||170||||||170
|-
| Other||Civil servants||180||562||218||74||1034
|-
| ||other public employees||119||229||330||75||753
|-
| Total||Civil servants||451||908||218||74||1651
|-
| ||other public employees||119||399||330||75||923
|-
| ||Total||570||1307||548||149||2574
|}

More recent figures can be found at SEAT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seat.mpr.gob.es/dam/es/portal/funcionpublica/funcion-publica/ep-pp/empleo_publico/Triptico_2018_CASTELLANO.pdf.pdf |title=El empleo público en España |language=es |date= |website=www.seat.mpr.gob.es |access-date=2020-02-25 |archive-date=2020-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225150446/http://www.seat.mpr.gob.es/dam/es/portal/funcionpublica/funcion-publica/ep-pp/empleo_publico/Triptico_2018_CASTELLANO.pdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2011, the government of Rajoy announced that civil servants have to serve a minimum 37.5 working hours per week regardless of their place or kind of service.<ref name="politica.elpais.com">{{cite news |url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/12/30/actualidad/1325267082_718015.html |title=Los funcionarios trabajarán 37,5 horas y su sueldo sigue congelado &#124; Política |publisher=Politica.elpais.com |date=2011-12-30 |access-date=2014-02-18 |newspaper=El País |last1=Calvo |first1=Vera Gutiérrez |archive-date=2014-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823190526/http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/12/30/actualidad/1325267082_718015.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
<!--[[List of metonyms]] links here-->
{{main|Civil Service (United Kingdom)|His Majesty's Diplomatic Service|Northern Ireland Civil Service}}
The civil service in the United Kingdom only includes Crown (i.e. central government) employees, not parliamentary employees or [[local government]] employees. [[Public sector]] employees such as those in education and the [[National Health Service|NHS]] are not considered to be civil servants. Police officers and staff are also not civil servants. Total employment in the public sector in the UK was 6.04 million in 2012 according to the UK's [[Office for National Statistics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pse/public-sector-employment/q2-2011/stb-public-sector-employment---q2-2011.html#tab-Public-and-private-sector-employment--headcount--Table-5-|title=Public Sector Employment, Q2 2011|first=David Matthews, Office for National|last=Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk|date=2011-09-14|access-date=2015-04-03|archive-date=2015-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409010728/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pse/public-sector-employment/q2-2011/stb-public-sector-employment---q2-2011.html#tab-Public-and-private-sector-employment--headcount--Table-5-|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- 
! Category !!Central government!! Local government !! Health service !! Total
|-
| Police||||278,000||||278,000
|-
| Defence||193,000||||||193,000
|-
| Health & Social||||364,000||1,565,000||1,929,000
|-
| Other||1,989,000||42,000||||2,031,000
|-
| Total||2,182,000||2,290,000||1,565,000||6,037,000
|}

Civil servants in the devolved government in Northern Ireland are not part of the [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|Home Civil Service]], but constitute the separate [[Northern Ireland Civil Service]]. Some employees of the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] are members of [[HM Diplomatic Service]], which is associated with but separate from the Civil Service.

====European Union====
{{Main|European Civil Service}}
The European Civil Service administers the [[institutions of the European Union]], of which the largest employer is the [[European Commission]].

Civil servants are recruited directly into the institutions after being selected by competitions set by [[European Personnel Selection Office|EPSO]], the official selection office. They are allocated to departments, known as [[Directorate-General|Directorates-General]] (DGs), each covering one or more related policy areas.