Editing Classical order (section)

== Nonce orders ==
Several orders, usually based upon the composite order and only varying in the design of the capitals, have been invented under the inspiration of specific occasions, but have not been used again. They are termed "''nonce orders''" by analogy to ''[[nonce word]]s''; several examples follow below.

These nonce orders all express the "speaking architecture" (''[[architecture parlante]]'') that was taught in the Paris courses, most explicitly by [[Étienne-Louis Boullée]], in which sculptural details of classical architecture could be enlisted to speak symbolically, the better to express the purpose of the structure and enrich its visual meaning with specific appropriateness. This idea was taken up strongly in the training of [[Beaux-Arts architecture]], {{circa|1875–1915}}.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

===French order===
The [[Hall of Mirrors]] in the [[Palace of Versailles]] contains pilasters with bronze capitals in the "French order". Designed by [[Charles Le Brun]], the capitals display the national emblems of the [[Kingdom of France]]: the royal sun between two [[Gallic rooster]]s above a [[fleur-de-lis]].<ref>Fouin, Christophe, et al. (2016). ''Le Château de Versailles. Vu par ses photographes''. Paris: Albin Michel. p. 83. ISBN 9782226321428.</ref>

===British orders===
[[Robert Adam]]'s brother [[James Adam (architect)|James]] was in Rome in 1762, drawing antiquities under the direction of [[Charles-Louis Clérisseau|Clérisseau]]; he invented a "British order" and published an engraving of it. Its capital the heraldic lion and unicorn take the place of the Composite's volutes, a Byzantine or Romanesque conception, but expressed in terms of neoclassical realism. Adam's ink-and-wash rendering with red highlighting is at the [[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library|Avery Library]], [[Columbia University]].

In 1789 [[George Dance the Younger|George Dance]] invented an [[Ammonite order]], a variant of Ionic, substituting volutes in the form of [[fossil]] [[ammonite]]s for [[John Boydell]]'s [[Boydell Shakespeare Gallery|Shakespeare Gallery]] in [[Pall Mall, London]].<ref name="oxford22">{{cite book |last1=Curl |first1=James Stevens |last2=Wilson |first2=Susan |year=2016 |title=Oxford Dictionary of Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967499-2 |page=22}}</ref>

An adaptation of the Corinthian order by [[William Donthorne]] that used turnip leaves and [[mangelwurzel]] is termed the Agricultural order.<ref>Curl, p.&nbsp;238</ref><ref>Curl, p.&nbsp;11</ref>

[[Sir Edwin Lutyens]], who from 1912 laid out [[New Delhi]] as the new seat of government for the [[British Empire in India]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Gradidge |first=Roderick |title=Edwin Lutyens: Architect Laureate |year=1981 |publisher=George Allen and Unwin |location=London, UK |isbn=0-04-720023-5 |page=69}}</ref> designed a Delhi order having a capital displaying a band of vertical ridges, and with bells hanging at each corner as a replacement for volutes.<ref name=Gradidge151>{{cite book |last=Gradidge |first=Roderick |title=Edwin Lutyens: Architect Laureate |year=1981 |publisher=George Allen and Unwin |location=London |isbn=0-04-720023-5 |page=151}}</ref> His design for the new city's central palace, Viceroy's House, now the Presidential residence [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], was a thorough integration of elements of [[Indian architecture]] into a building of classical forms and proportions,<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilhide |first=Elizabeth |year=2012 |title=Sir Edwin Lutyens: Designing in the English tradition |publisher=National Trust Books |location=London |isbn=9781907892271 |pages=41–42}}</ref> and made use of the order throughout.<ref name=Gradidge151/> The Delhi Order reappears in some later Lutyens buildings including [[Campion Hall, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gradidge |first=Roderick |year=1981 |title=Edwin Lutyens: Architect Laureate |publisher=George Allen and Unwin |location=London |isbn=0-04-720023-5 |page=161}}</ref>
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{{external media | width = 210px | float = left
 | video1 =[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/v/the-classical-orders The Classical orders] – a Smarthistory video.}}

===American orders===
[[File:Corn-capital-litchfield.jpg|thumb|Corn capital at the [[Litchfield Villa]] [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)]] ([[Alexander Jackson Davis|A.J. Davis]], architect)]]
In the United States [[Benjamin Latrobe]], the architect of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol building]] in Washington, DC, designed a series of botanical American orders. Most famous is the Corinthian order substituting ears of corn and their husks for the acanthus leaves, which was executed by Giuseppe Franzoni and used in the small domed vestibule of the Senate. Only this vestibule survived the [[Burning of Washington]] in 1814, nearly intact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1814 burning of Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-1814-burning-of-washington-d-c/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=www.cbsnews.com |date=31 August 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref>

With peace restored, Latrobe designed an American order that substituted tobacco leaves for the acanthus, of which he sent a sketch to [[Thomas Jefferson]] in a letter, 5&nbsp;November 1816. He was encouraged to send a model of it, which remains at [[Monticello]]. In the 1830s [[Alexander Jackson Davis]] admired it enough to make a drawing of it. In 1809 Latrobe invented a second American order, employing [[magnolia]] flowers constrained within the profile of classical mouldings, as his drawing demonstrates. It was intended for "the Upper Columns in the Gallery of the Entrance of the Chamber of the Senate".<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Capitol exhibit |website=[[Library of Congress]] |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/us.capitol/s4.html |access-date=2017-12-29 |archive-date=2017-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715102824/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/us.capitol/s4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>