Editing Classical republicanism (section)

====England====
[[File:Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Oliver Cromwell]]]]

[[Oliver Cromwell]] set up a [[Christian republic]] called the [[Commonwealth of England]] (1649–1660) which he ruled after the overthrow of King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. [[James Harrington (author)|James Harrington]] was then a leading philosopher of republicanism. [[John Milton]] was another important Republican thinker at this time, expressing his views in [[John Milton's politics|political tracts]] as well as through poetry and prose. In his epic poem ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', for instance, Milton uses Satan's fall to suggest that unfit monarchs should be brought to justice, and that such issues extend beyond the constraints of one nation.<ref>Warren, Christopher N (2016). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.17613/M6VW8W Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx.]" ''Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development'', Vol. 7.</ref> As Christopher N. Warren argues, Milton offers "a language to critique imperialism, to question the legitimacy of dictators, to defend free international discourse, to fight unjust property relations, and to forge new political bonds across national lines."<ref>Warren, Christopher N (2016). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.17613/M6VW8W Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx.]" ''Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development'', Vol. 7. p. 380.</ref> This form of international Miltonic republicanism has been influential on later thinkers including 19th-century radicals [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]], according to Warren and other historians.<ref>Rose, Jonathan (2001). [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Intellectual_Life_of_the_British_Wor.html?id=3B-qbvQTYyEC ''The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes'']. pp. 26, 36–37, 122–125, 187.</ref><ref>Taylor, Antony (2002). "Shakespeare and Radicalism: The Uses and Abuses of Shakespeare in Nineteenth-Century Popular Politics." ''Historical Journal'' 45, no. 2. pp. 357–379.</ref>

The collapse of the [[Commonwealth of England]] in 1660 and the [[English Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy under [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] discredited republicanism among England's ruling circles. Nevertheless, they welcomed the [[liberalism]], and emphasis on rights, of [[John Locke]], which played a major role in the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688. Even so, republicanism flourished in the "country" party of the early 18th century ([[commonwealthmen]]), which denounced the corruption of the "court" party, producing a political theory that heavily influenced the American colonists. In general, the English ruling classes of the 18th century vehemently opposed republicanism, typified by the attacks on [[John Wilkes]], and especially on the [[American Revolution]] and the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="Pocock 1975">Pocock, J.G.A. ''The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition'' (1975; new ed. 2003)</ref>