Editing Cockatoo (section)

==Relationship with humans==
[[File:Cacatua galerita -balcony -Sydney -Australia-8d-2cr.jpg|upright|thumb|right|A [[sulphur-crested cockatoo]] visiting a balcony in eastern Sydney for bird seeds|alt=A cockatoo is perched on a city balcony several floors above the ground. A suburban landscape is in the background.]]
Human activities have had positive effects on some species of cockatoo and negative effects on others. Many species of open country have benefited greatly from [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] changes to the landscape, with the great increase in reliable seed food sources, and available water contributing to their survival, as well as their adaption to a diet including foreign foodstuffs. This benefit appears to be restricted to Australian species, as cockatoos favouring open country outside Australia have not become more abundant. Predominantly forest-dwelling species have suffered greatly from [[habitat destruction]]; in the main, they appear to have a more specialised diet and have not been able to incorporate exotic food into their diet. A notable exception is the yellow-tailed black cockatoo in eastern Australia.<ref name=Cam153>{{Harvnb|Cameron|2007|p=153}}.</ref><!-- ref cites whole para -->

===Pests===
Several species of cockatoo can be serious agricultural [[pest (organism)|pests]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title= Australian research on bird pests: impact, management and future directions|journal=[[Emu (journal)|Emu]]|year=2002|first=Mary|last=B|author2=Sinclair R|volume=102|issue=1|pages=29–45|doi=10.1071/MU01028|bibcode=2002EmuAO.102...29B |s2cid=83464835}}</ref> They are sometimes [[pest control|controlled]] by shooting, [[poison]]ing or capture followed by [[gas chamber|gassing]]. Non-lethal damage mitigation methods used include scaring, habitat manipulation and the provision of decoy food dumps or sacrifice crops to distract them from the main crop. They can be a nuisance in urban areas due to destruction of property. They maintain their bills in the wild by chewing on wood, but in suburbia, they may chew outdoor furniture, door and window frames;<ref name = "Temby"/> soft decorative timbers such as [[western redcedar]] are readily demolished.<ref name=Cam155>{{Harvnb|Cameron|2007|p=155}}.</ref> Birds may also target external wiring and fixtures such as solar water heaters,<ref name = "Temby"/> television antennae and satellite dishes.<ref name=Cam155/> A business in central Melbourne suffered as sulphur-crested cockatoos repeatedly stripped the silicone sealant from the plate glass windows.<ref name=Cam156>{{Harvnb|Cameron|2007|p=156}}.</ref> Galahs and red-tailed black cockatoos have stripped electrical cabling in rural areas and tarpaulin is targeted elsewhere.<ref name=Cam156/> Outside Australia, the Tanimbar corella is a pest on [[Yamdena|Yamdena Island]] where it raids maize crops.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cameron|2007|p=160}}.</ref>
[[File:Sulphur-crested Cockatoos damaging a shopping centre facade 4.jpg|left|thumb|Sulphur-crested cockatoos damaging the Sturt Mall shopping centre facade, made of polystyrene|alt=a number of white cockatoos are biting parts of the building wall, leaving chunks of polystyrene missing.]]
In 1995 the [[Government of Victoria|Government]] of the [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] published a report on problems caused by long-billed corellas, sulphur-crested cockatoos and galahs, three species which, along with the little corella, have large and growing populations, having benefited from anthropogenic changes to the landscape. Subsequent to the findings and publication of the report, these three species were declared unprotected by a [[King-in-Council|Governor in Council]] Order under certain conditions and are allowed to be killed where serious damage is being caused by them to trees, vineyards, orchards, recreational reserves and commercial crops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/-C3270146B772814F4A2568B30006FFEE-7A5820241AEA1564CA256BC800078098-7B785784C934E20E4A256DEA00292002-00FD9A5C09190C59CA256BCF000B4D61?open|title=Victorian cockatoos. Victorian Department of Primary Industries Information Note|last=Temby|first=I|year=2003|website=Department of Primary Industries website|publisher=The State of Victoria|access-date=10 December 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070917115645/http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/-C3270146B772814F4A2568B30006FFEE-7A5820241AEA1564CA256BC800078098-7B785784C934E20E4A256DEA00292002-00FD9A5C09190C59CA256BCF000B4D61?open| archive-date = 17 September 2007}}</ref> Damage covered by the report included not only that to cereal crops, fruit and nut orchards and some kinds of vegetable crops but also to houses and communications equipment.<ref name=enrc>{{Cite book|author=Environment and Natural Resources Committee (Parliament of Victoria)|year=1995|title=Problems in Victoria caused by Long-billed Corellas, Sulphur-crested Cockatoos and Galahs|publisher=Victorian Government Printer}}</ref> The little corella is a declared pest of agriculture in Western Australia, where it is an aviculturally introduced species. The birds damage [[sorghum]], maize, [[sunflower]], [[chickpea]]s and other crops. They also [[defoliate]] [[Ornamental plant|amenity trees]] in parks and gardens, dig for edible roots and [[corm]]s on [[playing field|sports grounds]] and [[race track]]s, as well as chew wiring and household fittings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/vp/bird/20_little_corella.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901133738/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/vp/bird/20_little_corella.pdf|archive-date=2008-09-01|title=Fauna Note No.20: Little Corella|date=24 July 2007|publisher=Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation|access-date=10 December 2009}}</ref> In South Australia, where flocks can number several thousand birds and the species is listed as unprotected, they are accused of defoliating [[Eucalyptus camaldulensis|red gums]] and other native or ornamental trees used for roosting, damaging [[tarpaulin]]s on grain bunkers, wiring and flashing on buildings, taking grain from newly seeded [[Field (agriculture)|paddocks]] and creating a [[noise pollution|noise nuisance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/biodiversity/pdfs/lc_resource_doc.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325220711/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/biodiversity/pdfs/lc_resource_doc.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009|title=Little Corella (''Cacatua sanguinea''): Resource document|date=March 2007|publisher=South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage|access-date=10 December 2009}}</ref>

Several rare species and subspecies, too, have been recorded as causing problems. The [[Carnaby's black cockatoo]], a [[Threatened fauna of Australia|threatened]] [[Western Australian]] [[endemism|endemic]], has been considered a pest in pine [[plantations in the American South|plantation]]s where the birds chew off the leading shoots of growing pine trees, resulting in bent trunks and reduced timber value.<ref name=Saunders2005>{{Cite conference|first=D |last=Saunders |title=Conserving Carnaby's Black-Cockatoo: historical background on changing status |book-title=Conserving Carnaby's black-cockatoo&nbsp;– future directions: proceedings from a conservation symposium, Perth, Western Australia, 2 July 2003 |pages=9–18 |publisher=Birds Australia WA Inc |year=2005 |location=Perth, Western Australia |url=http://www.birdswa.com.au/projects/carnaby/assets/Conserving%20CBC%20Symposium%20Proceedings%20-%202003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029231634/http://www.birdswa.com.au/projects/carnaby/assets/Conserving%20CBC%20Symposium%20Proceedings%20-%202003.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2009 |isbn=0-9751429-0-9 |access-date=11 December 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> They are also known to damage nut and fruit crops,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=59523|title=''Calyptorhynchus latirostris''|year=2009|website=Species Profile and Threats Database|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra|access-date=10 December 2009|archive-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517060240/http://environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=59523|url-status=live}}</ref> and have learnt to exploit [[canola]] crops.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cameron|2007|p=22}}</ref> The Baudin's black cockatoo, also endemic to the south-west of Western Australia, can be a pest in apple and pear [[orchard]]s where it destroys the fruit to extract the seeds.<ref name=Saunders2005/> [[Muir's corella]], the nominate subspecies of the western corella, is also a declared pest of agriculture in Western Australia, as well as being nationally [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] and listed under state legislation as being "rare or likely to become extinct".<ref name=dec4>{{cite web|url=https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/plants-animals/animals/living-with-wildlife/2008108_muirs_corellas_a5_bookletweb.pdf|date=2008|publisher=Department of Environment and Conservation, Western Australia|title=Muir's corella: conserving a threatened species|access-date=6 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330183843/https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/plants-animals/animals/living-with-wildlife/2008108_muirs_corellas_a5_bookletweb.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Status and conservation===
[[File:Cacatua haematuropygia -two captive-8a.jpg|thumb|right|The [[red-vented cockatoo]] is a [[critically endangered]] species endemic to the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=1403 |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] |title=Philippine Cockatoo&nbsp;– BirdLife Species Factsheet |access-date=20 October 2009 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513235423/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=1403 |url-status=live }}</ref>|alt=Two mainly white-plumaged cockatoos facing each other in a cage. Some feathers at the base of the underside of their tails are red]]
[[File:Cacatua ophthalmica -Vogelpark Walsrode -upper body-8a.jpg|right|thumb|The [[blue-eyed cockatoo]] is a [[vulnerable species]] endemic to [[New Britain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=30025 |publisher=BirdLife International |title=Blue-eyed Cockatoo&nbsp;– BirdLife Species Factsheet |access-date=8 November 2009 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604000531/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=30025 |url-status=live }}</ref>|alt=The upper body of a mainly white cockatoo that has raised its left leg to its black beak. Pale-yellow crest feathers are just seen under the more prominent white crest feathers. It has a wide circular rim of featherless blue skin around its eyes. Its irises are brown.]]
According to the [[IUCN]] and [[BirdLife International]], seven species of cockatoo are considered to be [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] or worse and one is considered to be [[Near-threatened species|near-threatened]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciessearchresults.php?reg=&cty=&cri=&fam=67&gen=0&spc=&cmn=cockatoo&hab=&thr=&bt=&rec=N&vag=N&hdnAction=ADV_SEARCH&SearchTerms= |title=Data Zone: Search Species: Cockatoo |access-date=8 September 2011 |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2011 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112203834/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciessearchresults.php?reg=&cty=&cri=&fam=67&gen=0&spc=&cmn=cockatoo&hab=&thr=&bt=&rec=N&vag=N&hdnAction=ADV_SEARCH&SearchTerms= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciessearchresults.php?reg=&cty=&cri=&fam=67&gen=0&spc=&cmn=corella&hab=&thr=&bt=&rec=N&vag=N&hdnAction=ADV_SEARCH&SearchTerms= |title=Data Zone: Search Species: Corella |access-date=8 September 2011 |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2011 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112203856/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciessearchresults.php?reg=&cty=&cri=&fam=67&gen=0&spc=&cmn=corella&hab=&thr=&bt=&rec=N&vag=N&hdnAction=ADV_SEARCH&SearchTerms= |url-status=live }}</ref> Of these, two species—the red-vented cockatoo and the [[yellow-crested cockatoo]]—are considered to be [[critically endangered]].<ref name=Cam178>{{Harvnb|Cameron|2007|p=178}}</ref>

The principal threats to cockatoos are [[habitat loss]] and the [[wildlife trade]]. All cockatoos are dependent on trees for nesting and are vulnerable to their loss; in addition many species have specialised habitat requirements or live on small islands and have naturally small ranges, making them vulnerable to the loss of these habitats.<ref>{{Cite journal|title= Agricultural change and paddock tree loss: Implications for an endangered subspecies of Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo| journal=Ecological Management & Restoration| year=2005|first=M|last=Maron |volume=6|issue=3|pages= 206–11|doi=10.1111/j.1442-8903.2005.00238.x| bibcode=2005EcoMR...6..206M}}</ref> Cockatoos are popular as pets and the capture and trade has threatened some species; between 1983 and 1990, 66,654 recorded [[salmon-crested cockatoo]]s were exported from [[Indonesia]], a figure that does not include the number of birds caught for the domestic trade or that were exported illegally.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Density and distribution of the endemic Seram cockatoo ''Cacatua moluccensis'' in relation to land use patterns |journal=Biological Conservation|year=2003|last=Kinnaird|first=M|author2=O'Brien TG|author3=Lambert FR|author4=Purmias D|volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=227–35 |doi= 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00150-7 |bibcode=2003BCons.109..227K }}</ref> The capture of many species has subsequently been banned but the trade continues illegally. Birds are put in crates or bamboo tubing and conveyed on boats out of Indonesia and the Philippines.<ref name=Cam164>{{Harvnb|Cameron|2007|p=164}}.</ref> Not only are the rare species smuggled out of Indonesia but also common and rare cockatoos alike are smuggled out of Australia; birds are sedated, covered in nylon stockings and packed into [[Polyvinyl chloride#Pipes|PVC tubing]] which is then placed in unaccompanied luggage on international flights.<ref name=Cam164/> Mortality is significant (30%) and eggs, more easily hidden on the bodies of smugglers on flights, are increasingly smuggled instead. Trafficking is thought to be run by organised gangs, who also trade Australian species for overseas species such as macaws coming the other way.<ref name=Cam166>{{Harvnb|Cameron|2007|p=166}}.</ref><!-- cites both previous sentences -->

All species of cockatoo except the cockatiel are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ([[CITES]]), which restricts import and export of wild-caught parrots to special licensed purposes. Five cockatoo species (including all subspecies)—the Tanimbar corella (''Cacatua goffiniana''), red-vented cockatoo (''Cacatua haematuropygia''), Moluccan cockatoo (''Cacatua moluccensis''), yellow-crested cockatoo (''Cacatua sulphurea'') and palm cockatoo (''Probosciger aterrimus'')—are protected on the CITES Appendix I list. With the exception of the cockatiel, all remaining cockatoo species are protected on the CITES Appendix II list.<ref>CITES (27 April 2011). ''[http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php Appendices I, II and III.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205014647/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php |date=5 December 2017 }}'' Accessed 8 September 2011</ref>

===Aviculture===
[[File:Cacatua moluccensis excited.jpg|thumb|left|A wing-clipped pet. [[Salmon-crested cockatoo]]s, also known as Moluccan cockatoos,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parrots.org/index.php/encyclopedia/profile/moluccan_cockatoo/|title=Moluccan Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) – Parrot Encyclopedia|first=World Parrot|last=Trust|website=www.parrots.org|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702124212/http://www.parrots.org/index.php/encyclopedia/profile/moluccan_cockatoo|url-status=live}}</ref> are the largest white-coloured cockatoo species at about {{convert|52|cm|abbr=on}} long and weighing 775–935&nbsp;grams.<ref name="Forshaw (2006). plate 4.">{{harvnb|Forshaw|2006|p=plate 4}}</ref> Cockatoos can be noisy and demanding pets.|alt=Closeup of a wing-clipped white and salmon-coloured cockatoo ruffling its wings and crest and apparently squawking. It has a ring on its left leg.]]
Kept for their appearance, intelligence, and engaging personalities,<ref name = "HBW"/> cockatoos can nonetheless be problematic pets or [[companion parrot]]s.<ref name=RLow1999-p16/> Generally, they are not good at [[Talking bird|mimicking human speech]],<ref name = "DA 2003">{{Cite book|first= David |last= Alderton |title= The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds |isbn= 978-1-84309-164-6 |page= 205|publisher =Hermes House |location= London, England |year= 2003}}</ref> although the [[little corella]] is a renowned talker.<ref>{{harvnb|Cayley|Lendon|1973|p=97}}</ref> As social animals, wild cockatoos have been known to learn human speech from ex-captive birds that have integrated into a flock.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110923150518/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/Parrots-and-other-wild-birds-able-to-talk.htm "Birds of a feather talk together"] Retrieved 15 September 2011</ref> Their care is best provided by those experienced in keeping parrots.<ref name=RLow1999-p16/> Cockatoos are social animals and their social needs are difficult to cater for,<ref name=RLow1999-p16>{{harvnb|Low|1999|p=16}}</ref> and they can suffer if kept in a cage on their own for long periods of time.<ref name=RLow1999-p23>{{harvnb|Low|1999|p=23}}</ref>

The cockatiel is by far the cockatoo species most frequently kept in captivity. Among U.S. bird keepers that participated in a survey by APPMA in 2003/04, 39% had cockatiels, as opposed to only 3% that had (other) cockatoo species.<ref>Wool-N-Wings (2006). [http://www.parrots.com/parrot-ownership-page3.htm Bird Ownership Statistics in USA.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019114636/http://www.parrots.com/parrot-ownership-page3.htm |date=19 October 2011 }} Retrieved 10 September 2011.</ref> The white cockatoos are more often encountered in aviculture than the black cockatoos.<ref>{{Harvnb|Athan|1999|p=84}}</ref> Black cockatoos are rarely seen in European zoos due to export restrictions on Australian wildlife but birds seized by governments have been loaned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=King|first1=C. E.|date=January 2000|last2=Heinhuis|first2=H.|last3=Brouwer|first3=K.|title=Management and husbandry of black cockatoos ''Calyptorhynchus'' spp in captivity|journal=International Zoo Yearbook|volume=37|issue=1|pages=87–116|doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.2000.tb00710.x }}</ref>

Cockatoos are often very affectionate with their owner and at times other people but can demand a great deal of attention. It has been suggested that cockatoos' need for physical attention from humans may stem from suboptimal rearing techniques – young birds being removed from parental care for hand-rearing too early in the belief that this will produce a more suitable pet, leading the bird to seek out physical contact from humans as a parent substitute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://birdtricksstore.com/blogs/birdtricks-blog/why-do-cockatoos-need-to-be-cuddled-a-theory|title=Why Do Cockatoos NEED To Be Cuddled? – A Theory|website=BirdTricks|date=15 October 2012 |access-date=18 December 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201050725/https://birdtricksstore.com/blogs/birdtricks-blog/why-do-cockatoos-need-to-be-cuddled-a-theory|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, their intense curiosity means they must be given a steady supply of objects to tinker with, chew, dismantle and destroy. Parrots in captivity may suffer from boredom, which can lead to [[stereotypy|stereotypic behaviour patterns]], such as [[feather-plucking]]. Feather plucking is likely to stem from psychological rather than physical causes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Garner|first=MM|author2=Clubb SL|author3=Mitchell MA|author4=Brown L|title=Feather-picking psittacines: histopathology and species trends|journal=Veterinary Pathology|year=2008|volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=401–08|pmid=18487502|doi=10.1354/vp.45-3-401|s2cid=1023194}}</ref> Other major drawbacks include their painful bites,<ref name=Ath86>{{Harvnb|Athan|1999|p=86}}.</ref> and their piercing screeches.<ref>{{Harvnb|Athan|1999|p=87}}.</ref> The salmon-crested<ref>{{Harvnb|Athan|1999|p=91}}</ref> and white cockatoo species are particular offenders.<ref>{{Harvnb|Athan|1999|p=92}}.</ref> All cockatoos have a fine [[Down feather|powder]] on their feathers, which may induce [[allergy|allergies]] in certain people.<ref name=Ath86/> In general, the smaller cockatoo species such as Goffin's and quieter Galah's cockatoos are much easier to keep as pets.<ref>{{harvnb|Cayley|Lendon|1973|p=107}}</ref> The cockatiel is one of the most popular and easiest parrots to keep as a pet,<ref>{{harvnb|Cayley|Lendon|1973|p=112}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Athan|1999|p=93}}</ref> and many [[Cockatiel colour genetics|colour mutations]] are available in aviculture.<ref name="Forshaw (2006). plate 6."/>

[[File:Cockatielmale.jpg|upright|right|thumb|A pet [[cockatiel]]. This parrot is about {{convert|32|cm|abbr=on}} long and is by far the smallest and lightest cockatoo. |alt=A slender mainly grey male crested parrot with a yellow and orange head perched on a horizontal wooden branch placed high in a room.]]
Larger cockatoos can live 30 to 70 years depending on the species, or occasionally longer, and cockatiels can live for about 20 years. As pets they require a long-term commitment from their owners. Their longevity is considered a positive trait as it reduces instances of the loss of a pet.<ref name = "HBW"/> The oldest cockatoo in captivity was a pink cockatoo named [[Cookie (cockatoo)|Cookie]], residing at [[Brookfield Zoo]] in Chicago, which lived to be 83 years old (1933–2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/BrookfieldZoo/photos/pb.52678154169.-2207520000.1452558483./10153497306309170|title=Brookfield Zoo|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=27 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527205233/https://www.facebook.com/BrookfieldZoo/photos/pb.52678154169.-2207520000.1452558483./10153497306309170|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/cookie-cockatoo-believed-to-be-the-worlds-oldest-dead-at-83/ |title='Cookie,' cockatoo believed to be the world's oldest, dead at 83 |date=30 August 2016 |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-date=26 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926001421/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/08/30/cookie-cockatoo-believed-to-be-worlds-oldest-is-killed-at-83.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/27924/20160901/farewell-cookie-oldest-pink-cockatoo-dies-at-83.htm |title=Farewell Cookie: Oldest Pink Cockatoo Dies at 83 |author=A. Vila |publisher=[[Nature World News]] |date=1 September 2016 |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-date=1 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001210922/http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/27924/20160901/farewell-cookie-oldest-pink-cockatoo-dies-at-83.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> A salmon-crested cockatoo named King Tut who resided at the [[San Diego Zoo]] was nearly 69 when he died in 1990 and a palm cockatoo reached 56 in [[London Zoo]] in 2000.<ref name=Brouwer2000>{{Cite journal|last=Brouwer|first=K|author2=Jones M|author3=King C|author4=Schifter H|title=Longevity records for Psittaciformes in captivity|journal=International Zoo Yearbook|year=2000|volume=37|pages=299–316|doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.2000.tb00735.x}}</ref> However, anecdotal reports describe birds of much greater ages.<ref name=Brouwer2000/> Cocky Bennett of [[Blakehurst, New South Wales|Tom Ugly's Point]] in Sydney was a celebrated sulphur-crested cockatoo who was reported to have reached an age of 100 years or more. He had lost his feathers and was naked for much of his life.<ref>{{harvnb|Cayley|Lendon|1973|p=xxvi}}</ref> A palm cockatoo was reported to have reached 80 or 90 years of age in an Australian zoo,<ref name="Palm"/> and a little corella that was removed from a nest in central Australia in 1904 was reported still alive in the late 1970s.<ref name=Forshaw29>{{harvnb|Forshaw|Cooper|1978|p=29}}</ref> In February 2010, a white cockatoo named Arthur was claimed to be 90 years old; he had lived with a family for generations in [[Dalaguete]], [[Cebu]], before being taken to [[Cebu City]] Zoo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100221-254470/90-year-old-cockatoo-eyes-Guinness-record|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224015834/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/news/view/20100221-254470/90-year-old-cockatoo-eyes-Guinness-record|archive-date=2010-02-24|title=90-year-old cockatoo eyes Guinness record |last= Codilla|first=Marian Z.|date=21 February 2010|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=27 February 2010}}</ref>

Trained cockatoos are sometimes seen in bird shows in zoos. They are generally less motivated by food than other birds; some may respond more to petting or praise than food. Cockatoos can often be taught to wear a [[parrot harness]], enabling their owners to take them outdoors. Cockatoos have been used in [[animal-assisted therapy]], generally in nursing homes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swift |first=W. Bradford|title=The healing touch&nbsp;– animal-assisted therapy|journal=Animals |year=1997 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=130–32}}</ref>

Cockatoos often have pronounced responses to musical sounds and numerous videos exist showing the birds dancing to popular music. Research conducted in 2008 with an [[Eleonora cockatoo]] named [[Snowball (cockatoo)|Snowball]] had indicated that this particular individual is indeed capable of [[Entrainment (biomusicology)|beat induction]]—perceiving human-created music and synchronizing his body movements to the beat.<ref name="Patel">{{Cite conference | vauthors =Patel AD, Iversen JR, Bregman MR, Schulz I, Schulz C | date =August 2008 | title =Investigating the human-specificity of synchronization to music | periodical =Proceedings of the 10th Intl. Conf. On Music Perception and Cognition | location =Adelaide | publisher =Causal Productions | url =http://vesicle.nsi.edu/users/patel/Patel_Iversen_Bregman_Schulz_Schulz_2008_ICMPC10.pdf | access-date =14 November 2008 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090106063112/http://vesicle.nsi.edu/users/patel/Patel_Iversen_Bregman_Schulz_Schulz_2008_ICMPC10.pdf | archive-date =6 January 2009 | df =dmy-all }}</ref>

===Culture===
[[File:Måleri, stilleben. Papegoja och frukt - Skoklosters slott - 88961.tif|thumb|left|300px| Dutch still life with cockatoo, circa 1640]]
The earliest European depiction of a cockatoo is in the falconry book ''[[De arte venandi cum avibus]]'', written by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-44610271|title=Cockatoo identified in 13th Century European book|work=BBC News|date=26 June 2018|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626131645/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-44610271|url-status=live}}</ref> The next European depiction of a cockatoo, previously thought to be the earliest, is present in the 1496 painting by [[Andrea Mantegna]] titled [[Madonna della Vittoria]]. Later examples were painted by Hungarian artist [[Jakob Bogdani]] (1660–1724), who resided in Amsterdam from 1683 and then England,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Elphick|first=Jonathan|title=Birds: The Art of Ornithology|publisher=Natural History Museum|location=London|year=2004|page=24|isbn=978-1-902686-66-0 }}</ref> and appeared with numerous other birds in the bird pieces of the Dutch painter [[Melchior d'Hondecoeter]] (1636–1695).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/tentoonstellingen/hondecoeter?lang=en|title=Melchior d'Hondecoeter: Fowl|year=2008|publisher=Rijksmuseum|access-date=12 December 2009|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224045023/http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/tentoonstellingen/hondecoeter?lang=en|archive-date=24 December 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A cockatoo is the unlucky subject in ''[[An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump]]'' by English artist [[Joseph Wright of Derby]], its fate unclear in the painting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/joseph-wright-of-derby-an-experiment-on-a-bird-in-the-air-pump/*/x/-218/y/-230/z/3|title=An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump|publisher=The National Gallery|access-date=12 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524005529/http://nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/joseph-wright-of-derby-an-experiment-on-a-bird-in-the-air-pump/*/x/-218/y/-230/z/3|archive-date=24 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Cockatoos were among the many Australian plants and animals which featured in decorative motifs in [[Federation architecture]] of the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fraser |first=Hugh|author2=Joyce, Ray |title=The Federation House&nbsp;– Australia's Own Style|publisher=Weldon Publishing|location=Willoughby, NSW|year=1989|isbn=978-1-86302-033-6|page=103}}</ref> A visit to a Camden Town pet shop in 1958 inspired English painter William Roberts to paint ''The Cockatoos'', in the collection of the Tate Gallery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999977&workid=12658&searchid=20543|title=The Cockatoos 1958|website=Tate Collection: William Roberts 1895–1980|publisher=Tate Gallery|access-date=12 December 2009|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111220923/http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999977&workid=12658&searchid=20543|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Painting+on+a+perch%3A+parrots+are+an+enduring+theme+in+European+art,...-a0162301748|title=Painting on a perch: parrots are an enduring theme in European art, as Averil King learned at an unusual exhibition at the Barber Institute|last=King|first=Averil|year=2007|journal=Apollo Magazine|access-date=12 December 2009|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201185421/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Painting+on+a+perch%3A+parrots+are+an+enduring+theme+in+European+art,...-a0162301748|url-status=live}}</ref> American artist and sculptor [[Joseph Cornell]] was known for placing cutout paper cockatoos in his works.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=d'Harnoncourt|first=A|date=June 1978|title=The Cubist Cockatoo: A Preliminary Exploration of Joseph Cornell's Homages to Juan Gris|journal=Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin|volume=74|issue=321|pages=3–17|doi=10.2307/3795312|jstor=3795312}}</ref>

The [[Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly|government of the Australian Capital Territory]] adopted the gang-gang cockatoo as its official faunal emblem on 27 February 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/communication/flags|title=ACT Flags and Emblems|access-date=10 December 2009|publisher=Chief Minister's Department, ACT Government|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028030719/http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/communication/flags|url-status=live}}</ref> The short-lived budget airline [[Impulse Airlines]] featured a sulphur-crested cockatoo on its corporate [[livery]] (and aeroplanes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2001/photorelease/q1/photo_release_010109b.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010124080000/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2001/photorelease/q1/photo_release_010109b.html|archive-date=2001-01-24|title=Impulse Airlines Boeing 717–200 Cockatoo Takes Off For Home|date=9 January 2001|access-date=10 December 2009|publisher=Boeing}}</ref> The palm cockatoo, which has a unique beak and face colouration, is used as a symbol by the [[World Parrot Trust]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parrots.org/|title=World Parrot Trust&nbsp;– Saving Parrots Worldwide|publisher=World Parrot Trust website|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-date=19 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019190123/http://www.parrots.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Two 1970s police dramas featured protagonists with pet cockatoos. In the 1973 film ''[[Serpico]]'', [[Al Pacino]]'s character had a pet white cockatoo and the television show ''[[Baretta]]'' saw [[Robert Blake (actor)|Robert Blake]]'s character with Fred the Triton cockatoo.<ref name="Rosenfeld">{{Cite book| last = Rosenfeld | first = Arthur | title = Exotic Pets | url = https://archive.org/details/exoticpets0000rose | url-access = limited | publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/exoticpets0000rose/page/105 105] |year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-671-47654-0}}</ref> The popularity of the latter show saw a corresponding rise in popularity of cockatoos as pets in the late 1970s.<ref name="Boehrer">{{Cite book | last =Boehrer | first =Bruce Thomas | title =Parrot Culture: Our 2500-Year-Long Fascination with the World's Most Talkative Bird | publisher =University of Pennsylvania Press | year =2004 | page =224 | isbn =978-0-8122-3793-1 | url =https://archive.org/details/parrotculture00bruc | url-access =limited }}</ref> Cockatoos have been used frequently in advertising; a cockatoo appeared in a 'cheeky' (and later toned-down) 2008 advertising campaign for Cockatoo Ridge Wineries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/story/0,668,23514325-5012985,00.html|title=Erin not amused by a cockatoo|date=10 April 2008|website=AdelaideNow|publisher=News Limited |access-date=20 October 2009}}</ref>

===Intelligence===
A team of scientists from [[Oxford University]], the [[University of Vienna]] and the [[Max Planck Society|Max Planck Institute]] conducted tests on ten untrained [[Tanimbar corella]]s (''Cacatua goffiniana''), and found that they were able to solve complex mechanical puzzles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130704095123.htm|title=Cockatoos 'pick' puzzle box locks: Cockatoos show technical intelligence on a five-lock problem|website=sciencedaily.com|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327213017/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130704095123.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>