Editing Code of Hammurabi (section)

==Laws==
The Code of Hammurabi is the longest and best-organised legal text from the ancient Near East,{{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=71}} as well as the best-preserved.{{sfnp|Van De Mieroop|2016|p=144}} The classification below (columns 1–3) is Driver & Miles',{{sfnp|Driver|Miles|1952|pp=43–45}} with several amendments, and Roth's translation is used.{{sfnp|Roth|1995a|pp=76–142}} Laws represented by letters are those reconstructed primarily from documents other than the Louvre stele.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Legal areas covered in the Code of Hammurabi, along with specific provisions and examples
|-
! scope="col" | Legal area
! scope="col" | Laws
! scope="col" | Specific provisions
! scope="col" | Example (English)
! scope="col" | Example (Akkadian)
|-
! scope="row" | Offences against the administration of law
| 1–5
| {{plainlist|
*false charges (1–2)
*false testimony (3–4)
*falsification of judgement (5)
}}
| If a man accuses another man and charges him with homicide, but cannot bring proof against him, his accuser shall be killed. (1){{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=81}}
| {{lang|akk|šumma awīlum awīlam ubbir-ma nērtam elišu iddi-ma lā uktīnšu mubbiršu iddâk}} (1)
|-
! scope="row" | Property offences
| 6–25
| {{plainlist|
*stealing and receiving stolen property (6–13)
*kidnapping (14)
*harbouring fugitive slaves (15–20)
*breaking and entering (21)
*burglary (22–24)
*looting burning houses (25)
}}
| If a man breaks into a house, they shall kill him and hang him in front of that very breach. (21){{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=85}}
| {{lang|akk|šumma awīlum bītam ipluš ina pāni pilšim šuāti idukkūšu-ma iḫallalūšu}} (21)
|-
! scope="row" | Land and houses
| 26–k
| {{plainlist|
*[[land tenure|tenure]] of [[fief]]s (26–41)
*duties of farmers (42–48)
*debts of farmers (49–52)
*irrigation offences (53–56)
*cattle trespass (57–58)
*cutting down trees (59)
*care of date orchards (60–a)
*offences connected with houses (b–k)
}}
| If a man has a debt lodged against him, and the storm-god Adad devastates his field or a flood sweeps away the crops, or there is no grain grown in the field due to insufficient water—in that year he will not repay grain to his creditor; he shall suspend performance of his contract [literally "wet his clay tablet"] and he will not give interest payments for that year. (48){{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=90}}
| {{lang|akk|šumma awīlum ḫubullum elišu ibašši-ma eqelšu adad irtaḫiṣ u lū bibbulum itbal u lū ina lā mê še'um ina eqlim lā ittabši ina šattim šuāti še'am ana bēl ḫubullišu ul utār ṭuppašu uraṭṭab u ṣibtam ša šattim šuāti ul inaddin}} (48)
|-
! scope="row" | Commerce
| l–126
| {{plainlist|
*loans and trade (l–107)
*innkeeping (108–111)
*fraud by couriers (112)
*[[distraint]] and pledge of persons for debt (113–119)
*safe custody or deposit (120–126)
}}
| If a merchant should give silver to a trading agent for an investment venture, and he [the trading agent] incurs a loss on his journeys, he shall return silver to the merchant in the amount of the capital sum. (102){{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=100}}
| {{lang|akk|šumma tamkārum ana šamallim kaspam ana tadmiqtim ittadin-ma ašar illiku bitiqtam ītamar qaqqad kaspim ana tamkārim utār}} (102)
|-
! scope="row" | Marriage, family, and property
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|127–194
|style="white-space: nowrap;"| {{plainlist|
*slander of {{lang|akk|ugbabtum}}-priestesses or married women (127)
*definition of "married woman" (128)
*adultery (129–132)
*remarriage in husbands' absence (133–136)
*divorce (137–143)
*marriage to {{lang|akk|nadītum}}-women (144–147)
*maintenance of sick wives (148–149)
*gifts from husbands to wives (150)
*liability of spouses for debt (151–152)
*murder of husbands (153)
*incest (154–158)
*inchoate marriage (159–161)
*devolution of marriage-gifts after wives' deaths (162–164)
*gifts to sons {{lang|la|[[inter vivos]]}} (165)
*succession amongst sons (166–167)
*disinheritance of sons (168–169)
*legitimation (170)
*widows' property (171–174)
*marriage of {{lang|akk|awīlum}}-class women to slaves (175–176)
*remarriage of widows (177)
*sacral women (178–184)
*adoption and nursing of infants (185–194)
}}
| If a man takes in adoption a young child at birth [literally "in its water"] and then rears him, that child will not be reclaimed. (185){{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=119}}
| {{lang|akk|šumma awīlum ṣeḫram ina mêšu ana mārūtim ilqe-ma urtabbīšu tarbītum šī ul ibbaqqar}} (185)
|-
! scope="row" | Assault
| 195–214
| {{plainlist|
*assaults on fathers (195)
*assaults on {{lang|akk|awīlum}}-class men (196–208)
*assaults causing miscarriage (209–214)
}}
| If an [{{lang|akk|awīlum}}] should blind the eye of another [{{lang|akk|awīlum}}], they shall blind his eye. (196){{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=121}}
| {{lang|akk|šumma awīlum īn mār awīlim uḫtappid īnšu uḫappadū}} (196)
|-
! scope="row" | Professional men
| 215–240
| {{plainlist|
*surgeons (215–223)
*veterinary surgeons (224–225)
*branders (226–227)
*builders (228–233)
*shipbuilders and boatmen (234–240)
}}
| If a builder constructs a house for a man but does not make it conform to specifications so that a wall then buckles, that builder shall make that wall sound using his silver. (233){{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=125}}
| {{lang|akk|šumma itinnum bītam ana awīlim īpuš-ma šipiršu lā ušteṣbi-ma igārum iqtūp itinnum šū ina kasap ramānišu igāram šuāti udannan}} (233)
|-
! scope="row" | Agriculture
| 241–273
| {{plainlist|
*oxen (241–252)
*theft of fodder by tenants (253–256)
*hire of agricultural labourers (257–258)
*theft of agricultural implements (259–260)
*hire of herdsmen (261)
*duties of shepherds (262–267)
*hire of beasts and wagons (268–272)
*hire of seasonal labourers (273)
}}
| If an ox gores to death a man while it is passing through the streets, there is no legal basis for claims
. (250){{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=128}}
| {{lang|akk|šumma alpum sūqam ina alākišu awīlam ikkip-ma uštamīt dīnum šū rugummâm ul išu}} (250)
|-
! scope="row" | Rates of hire
| 274–277
| {{plainlist|
*wages of craftsmen (274)
*hire of boats (275–277)
}}
| If a man rents a boat of 60-[{{lang|akk|kur}}] capacity, he shall give one-sixth [of a shekel] of silver per day as its hire. (277){{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=132}}
| {{lang|akk|šumma awīlum elep šūšim īgur ina ūmim ištēn šuduš kaspam idīša inaddin}} (277)
|-
! scope="row" | Slaves
| 278–282
| {{plainlist|
*warranties on sale of slaves (278–279)
*purchase of slaves abroad (280–281)
*denial of mastership (282)
}}
| If a slave should declare to his master, "You are not my master", he [the master] shall bring charge and proof against him that he is indeed his slave, and his master shall cut off his ear. (281){{sfnp|Roth|1995a|p=132}}
| {{lang|akk|šumma wardum ana bēlišu ul bēlī atta iqtabi kīma warassu ukānšu-ma bēlšu uzunšu inakkis}} (281)
|}