Editing Common carp (section)

==Introduction into other habitats==
[[File:LakePowellCarp5437.jpg|thumb|Carp in [[Lake Powell]], Arizona]][[Image:Carps in River.JPG|thumb|Carp in the [[Maribyrnong River]], Australia]][[File:Carp in Herbert Park Pond, Dublin.jpg|thumb|Carp in the duck pond in [[Herbert Park]], Dublin, Ireland]]
[[File:Koi feeding, National Arboretum.jpg|thumb|right|Koi feeding. The koi are ornamental varieties of domesticated carp and are kept in garden ponds. Although the koi's parent species has been considered the common carp, recent authorities believe it originates from an East Asian carp, possibly ''[[Cyprinus rubrofuscus]]''.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=Craig2015/>]]

Common carp have been introduced to most continents and some 59 countries. In absence of natural predators or [[commercial fishing]], they may extensively alter their environments due to their reproductive rate and their feeding habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food. In feeding, they may destroy, uproot, disturb and eat submerged vegetation, causing serious damage to [[food source]]s and [[habitat]]s of native duck (such as [[canvasback]]s) and fish populations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lakeconservation.com/ |title=Welcome to |publisher=Lakeconservation.com |date=2010-01-15 |access-date=2011-12-03 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127114908/http://www.lakeconservation.com/ |archive-date=2013-01-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Lackmann|first1=Alec R.|last2=Andrews|first2=Allen H.|last3=Butler|first3=Malcolm G.|last4=Bielak-Lackmann|first4=Ewelina S.|last5=Clark|first5=Mark E.|date=2019-05-23|title=Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity|journal=Communications Biology|language=En|volume=2|issue=1|pages=197|doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0|pmid=31149641|pmc=6533251|issn=2399-3642}}</ref>

In 2020, scientists demonstrated that a small proportion of fertilized common carp eggs ingested by waterfowl survive passing through the digestive tract and hatch after being retrieved from the feces.<ref>{{cite news |title=Experiment shows it is possible for fish to migrate via ingestion by birds |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-06-fish-migrate-ingestion-birds.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lovas-Kiss |first1=Ádám |last2=Vincze |first2=Orsolya |last3=Löki |first3=Viktor |last4=Pallér-Kapusi |first4=Felícia |last5=Halasi-Kovács |first5=Béla |last6=Kovács |first6=Gyula |last7=Green |first7=Andy J. |last8=Lukács |first8=Balázs András |title=Experimental evidence of dispersal of invasive cyprinid eggs inside migratory waterfowl |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=18 June 2020 |volume=117 |issue=27 |pages=15397–15399 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2004805117 |pmid=32571940 |pmc=7355035 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11715397L |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }}</ref> Birds exhibit strong preference for fish eggs, while cyprinids produce hundreds of thousands of eggs at a single spawning event. These data indicate that despite the low proportion of eggs surviving the digestive tract of birds, endozoochory might provide a potentially overlooked dispersal mechanism of invasive cyprinid fish. If proven under natural circumstances, endozoochorous dispersal of invasive fish could be a strong conservation concern for freshwater biodiversity.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

=== Australia ===
Carp were introduced to [[Australia]] over 150 years ago but were not seen as a recognised pest species until the "Boolarra" strain appeared in the 1960s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Carp in Australian rivers {{!}} NSW Department of Primary Industries|url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/content/research/areas/aquatic-ecosystems/outputs/2005/666|access-date=2021-01-31|website=www.dpi.nsw.gov.au|archive-date=2021-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128200626/https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/content/research/areas/aquatic-ecosystems/outputs/2005/666|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wednesday|first=9 August 2006 Judy SkatssoonABC|date=2006-08-09|title=Mother of all Aussie carp may be German|url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2006/08/09/1709469.htm|access-date=2021-01-31|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> After spreading massively through the [[Murray–Darling basin]], aided by massive flooding in 1974,<ref name=":1" /> they have established themselves in every Australian territory except for the [[Northern Territory]].<ref name="csiro" /> In [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], the common carp has been declared a noxious fish species, and the [[slot limit|quantity]] a fisherman can take is unlimited.<ref>[http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nrenfaq.nsf/LinkView/038067B67D8D0260CA2571F6007C592FB43DB2A1BECEB2A04A256812001DD817 Victorian Recreational Fishing Guide 2006-2007]</ref> In [[South Australia]], it is an offence for this species to be released back to the wild.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fishsa.com/?dropdownmenu=%2F |title=fishsa.com |access-date=2007-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703044849/http://www.fishsa.com/?dropdownmenu=%2F |archive-date=2013-07-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An Australian company produces plant fertilizer from carp.<ref>[http://www.charliecarp.com/environment.htm carp as fertilizer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125114407/http://www.charliecarp.com/environment.htm |date=2007-01-25 }}</ref><ref>Schremmer, Jessica. [https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2021-01-17/carp-highly-sought-after-as-fertiliser-demand-skyrockets/13048124 Carp finally find fans as fertiliser demand skyrockets for veggie gardens during pandemic] ''[[ABC Rural]]'', 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref>

Efforts to eradicate a small colony from [[Lake Crescent (Tasmania)|Lake Crescent]] in [[Tasmania]], without using chemicals, have been successful, but the long-term, expensive and intensive undertaking is an example of both the possibility and difficulty of safely removing the species once it is established.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Margot|date=February 5, 2020|title=Carp success, after long battle against invasive fish, has trout faithful rejoicing|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-05/carp-success-lake-sorell-reopens-trout-fishing/11932166|access-date=June 6, 2020|website=ABC News}}</ref> One proposal, regarded as environmentally questionable, is to control common carp numbers by deliberately exposing them to the carp-specific [[koi herpes virus]] with its high mortality rate.<ref name=csiro>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/BF/Areas/Invasive-species-and-diseases/Biological-control/Biocontrol-of-carp|title=Reducing Australia's carp invasion|website=CSIRO|access-date=2019-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723224411/https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/BF/Areas/Invasive-species-and-diseases/Biological-control/Biocontrol-of-carp|archive-date=2019-07-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, the Australian Government announced plans to release this virus into the Murray–Darling basin in an attempt to reduce the number of invasive common carp in the water system.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-01/herpes-to-eradicate-carp-in-murray-river-pyne-says/7373736|title=Herpes virus to be used in fight against carp in Murray River, Christopher Pyne says|first1=Nick|last1=Kilvert|first2=Kerrin|last2=Thomas|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|website=ABC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505164116/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-01/herpes-to-eradicate-carp-in-murray-river-pyne-says/7373736|archive-date=5 May 2016|date=1 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="CSIRO-Carp-herpesvirus">{{cite web | title=Carp herpesvirus | website=Managing Water Ecosystems - CSIRO | date=2018-04-26 | url=http://research.csiro.au/mwe/carp-herpesvirus/ | access-date=2020-11-09}}</ref> However, in 2020, this plan was found to be unlikely to work.<ref name="Mintram-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Mintram | first1=Kate S. | last2=Oosterhout | first2=Cock | last3=Lighten | first3=Jackie | editor-last=Knutie | editor-first=Sarah | title=Genetic variation in resistance and high fecundity impede viral biocontrol of invasive fish | journal=Journal of Applied Ecology | publisher=Wiley | date=2020-10-14 | volume=58 | pages=148–157 | issn=0021-8901 | doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13762 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[CSIRO]] has also developed a technique for genetically modifying carp so that they only produce male offspring. This [[daughterless carp]] method shows promise for totally eradicating carp from Australia's waterways.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

=== North America ===
Common carp were brought to the [[United States]] in 1831.<ref>[http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/asiancarp.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184712/http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/asiancarp.htm|date=October 7, 2010}}</ref> In the late 19th century, they were distributed widely throughout the country by the government as a [[food fish]], but they are now rarely eaten in the United States, where they are generally considered pests. As in Australia, their introduction has been shown to have negative environmental consequences.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.asp?speciesID=4 |title=USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Program |access-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510183452/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=4 |archive-date=2009-05-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Utah]], the common carp's population in [[Utah Lake]] is expected to be reduced by 75 percent by using [[fishing net|net]]s to catch millions of them, and either giving them to people who will eat them or processing them into [[fertilizer]]. This, in turn, will give the declining population of the native [[June sucker]] a chance to recover.<ref name="utah-lake-carp-sltrib-20150901">{{cite news|url=http://www.sltrib.com/home/2855320-155/utah-lake-carp-census-gauges-whether|title=Utah Lake carp census gauges whether evictions-by-the-ton are succeeding|date=September 1, 2015|first=Brian|last=Maffly|newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-date=April 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429014957/http://www.sltrib.com/home/2855320-155/utah-lake-carp-census-gauges-whether|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another method of control is to trap them with [[seine net]]s in tributaries they use to spawn, and exposing them to the [[piscicide]] [[rotenone]]. This method has been shown to reduce their impact within 24 hours and greatly increase native vegetation and desirable fish species. It also allows native fish to prey more easily on young carp.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Common carp are thought to have been introduced into the Canadian province of [[British Columbia]] from the neighboring [[Washington state]]. They were first noted in the [[Okanagan Valley]] in 1912, as was their rapid growth in population. Carp are currently distributed in the lower [[Columbia River|Columbia]] ([[Arrow Lakes]]), lower [[Kootenay River|Kootenay]], Kettle ([[Christina Lake (British Columbia)|Christina Lake]]), and throughout the [[Okanagan River|Okanagan]] system.<ref>[http://www.livinglandscapes.bc.ca/cbasin/peter_myles/intr_cyprinidae.html#i_cyprinus_carpio Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031211/http://www.livinglandscapes.bc.ca/cbasin/peter_myles/intr_cyprinidae.html#i_cyprinus_carpio |date=2007-09-28 }} on Living Landscapes, from the [[Royal British Columbia Museum]]</ref>