Editing Computer animation (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of computer animation}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of computer animation}}
{{See also|Video game graphics}}
Early digital computer animation was developed at [[Bell Labs|Bell Telephone Laboratories]] in the 1960s by Edward E. Zajac, Frank W. Sinden, Kenneth C. Knowlton, and A. Michael Noll.{{sfn|Masson|1999|pp=390–394}} Other digital animation was also practiced at the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]].{{sfn|Sito|2013|pp=69–75}}

In 1967, a computer animation named "Hummingbird" was created by Charles Csuri and James Shaffer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=awvQp1TdBqc|title = Charles Csuri, Fragmentation Animations, 1967 – 1970: Hummingbird (1967)|website = [[YouTube]]| date=31 August 2009 }}</ref> In 1968, a computer animation called "[[:ru:Кошечка (мультфильм)|Kitty]]" was created with [[BESM]]-4 by Nikolai Konstantinov, depicting a cat moving around.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=so_HQKv-Bmk|title = "Kitten" 1968 computer animation|website = [[YouTube]]| date=9 March 2006 }}</ref> In 1971, a computer animation called "Metadata" was created, showing various shapes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=vkxrVpzPK4U|title = Metadata 1971|website = [[YouTube]]| date=23 November 2010 }}</ref>

An early step in the history of computer animation was the sequel to the 1973 film ''[[Westworld (film)|Westworld]],'' a science-fiction film about a society in which robots live and work among humans.{{sfn|Masson|1999|p=404}} The sequel, ''[[Futureworld]]'' (1976), used the 3D [[Wire-frame model|wire-frame]] imagery, which featured a computer-animated hand and face both created by [[University of Utah]] graduates [[Edwin Catmull]] and [[Fred Parke]].{{sfn|Masson|1999|pp=282–288}} This imagery originally appeared in their student film ''[[A Computer Animated Hand]]'', which they completed in 1972.{{sfn|Sito|2013|p=64}}{{sfn|Means|2011}}

Developments in CGI technologies are reported each year at [[SIGGRAPH]],{{sfn|Sito|2013|pp=97–98}} an annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques that is attended by thousands of computer professionals each year.{{sfn|Sito|2013|pp=95–97}} Developers of computer games and 3D video cards strive to achieve the same visual quality on personal computers in real-time as is possible for CGI films and animation. With the rapid advancement of real-time rendering quality, artists began to use [[game engine]]s to render non-interactive movies, which led to the art form [[Machinima]].

===Film and television===
[[File:Spring - Blender Open Movie.webm|thumb|right|"Spring", a 3D animated short film made using [[Blender (software)|Blender]]]]

CGI short films have been produced as [[independent animation]] since 1976.{{sfn|Masson|1999|p=58}} Early examples of feature films incorporating CGI animation include the live-action films ''[[Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]'' and ''[[Tron]]'' (both 1982),<ref name="Tron">{{cite magazine |title=The Making of Tron |magazine=Video Games Player |date=September 1982 |volume=1 |issue=1 |publisher=Carnegie Publications |pages=50–5 |url=https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_Player_Vol_1_No_1_1982-09_Carnegie_Publications_US/page/n49/mode/2up}}</ref> and the Japanese [[anime]] film ''[[Golgo 13: The Professional]]'' (1983).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Beck|first1=Jerry|title=The Animated Movie Guide|date=2005|publisher=[[Chicago Review Press]]|isbn=1569762228|page=[https://archive.org/details/animatedmoviegui0000beck/page/216 216]|url=https://archive.org/details/animatedmoviegui0000beck|url-access=registration}}</ref> ''[[VeggieTales]]'' is the first American fully 3D computer-animated series sold directly (made in 1993); its success inspired other animation series, such as ''[[ReBoot]]'' (1994) and ''[[Transformers: Beast Wars]]'' (1996) to adopt a fully computer-generated style.

The first full-length computer-animated television series was ''[[ReBoot]]'',{{sfn|Sito|2013|p=188}} which debuted in September 1994; the series followed the adventures of characters who lived inside a computer.{{sfn|Masson|1999|p=430}} The first feature-length computer-animated film is ''[[Toy Story]]'' (1995), which was made by [[Disney]] and [[Pixar]]:{{sfn|Masson|1999|p=432}}{{sfn|Masson|1999|p=302}}<ref>"Our Story", Pixar, 1986–2013. Retrieved on 2013-02-15. {{cite web |url= http://www.pixar.com/about/Our-Story |title= The Pixar Timeline, 1979 to Present. |publisher= Pixar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125659/http://www.pixar.com/about/Our-Story |archive-date= 2015-09-05 }}</ref> following an adventure centered around [[anthropomorphic]] toys and their owners, this groundbreaking film was also the first of many fully computer-animated movies.{{sfn|Masson|1999|p=302}}

The popularity of computer animation (especially in the field of [[special effect]]s) skyrocketed during the [[Modern animation in the United States|modern era of U.S. animation]].{{sfn|Masson|1999|p=52}} Films like ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' (2009) and ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' (2016) use CGI for the majority of the movie runtime, but still incorporate human actors into the mix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/digital/visual-effects/4339455|title=How James Cameron's Innovative New 3D Tech Created Avatar|last=Thompson|first=Anne|date=2010-01-01|website=Popular Mechanics|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> Computer animation in this era has achieved photorealism, to the point that computer-animated films such as ''[[The Lion King (2019 film)|The Lion King]]'' (2019) are able to be marketed as if they were live-action.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2016/10/lion-king-movie-jeff-nathanson-writer-disney-jon-favreau-1201836009/ |title=Disney's Live-Action 'Lion King' Taps Jeff Nathanson As Writer |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015084425/http://deadline.com/2016/10/lion-king-movie-jeff-nathanson-writer-disney-jon-favreau-1201836009/ |archive-date=October 15, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='The Lion King': Is it animated or live-action? It's complicated|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2019-07-19/the-lion-king-remake-animation-live-action-photo-real|website=Los Angeles Times|date=July 19, 2019|last=Rottenberg|first=Josh|access-date=December 13, 2021}}</ref>