Editing Convertible (section)

== Variations ==
Convertibles have offered numerous iterations that fall between the first mechanically simple fabric tops to complex retractable roofs made from hard materials:

{{anchor|Roadster}}

'''Roadster:''' A [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]] (also called ''spider'' or ''spyder'') is an open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially, an American term for a two-seat car with no weather protection, usage has spread internationally and has evolved to include two-seat convertibles.

{{anchor|Cabrio coach}}

'''Cabrio coach:''' A [[cabrio coach]] (also called ''semi-convertible'') has a retractable [[textile]] roof, similar to a traditional convertible. The difference is that a convertible often has the [[B-pillar]], [[C-pillar]] and other bodywork removed. However, the cabrio-coach retains all bodywork to the top of the door frames and just replaces the roof skin with a retractable fabric panel.

An advantage of a cabrio coach is that retaining more of the car's original structure means that [[structural rigidity]] is higher (or the vehicle weight is lower) than traditional cabriolets.<ref name="autoevolution.com semi-convertible">{{cite web|title=The Semi-Convertible or Cabrio Coach: It's About Being Chic and Strong at the Same Time|url= https://www.autoevolution.com/news/the-semi-convertible-or-cabrio-coach-it-s-about-being-chic-and-strong-at-the-same-time-94469.html |website=autoevolution.com |date= 15 April 2015 |access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> An example of the cabrio coach is the 2003-10 [[Citroën C3|C3 Pluriel]],<ref name="autoevolution.com semi-convertible"/> which has a roof with five possible configurations.<ref name="channel4">{{cite web |title=Citroen C3 Pluriel (2003–) Review |url= http://www.channel4.com/4car/rt/citroen/c3+pluriel/77/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071105042553/http://www.channel4.com/4car/rt/citroen/c3%2Bpluriel/77/2 |archive-date=5 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Citroen C3 Pluriel |website=honestjohn.co.uk |date=28 May 2003 |url=http://www.honestjohn.co.uk/road_tests/?id=83 |access-date=3 February 2014 |archive-date=12 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112011400/http://www.honestjohn.co.uk/road_tests/?id=83 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{anchor|Fixed-profile}}
[[File:Fiat 500 Cabrio, Bj. 2009 (2009-07-23) ret.jpg|thumb|Fiat 500 Cabrio with fabric roof folded to the rear]]

'''Fixed-profile:''' In contrast to convertibles where the entire bodywork above the beltline (doors, roof, side pillars, side bodywork) is replaced with a folding or retractable roof, the fixed profile convertible retains portions of fixed bodywork including the doors, side pillars, and side elements of the roof — while a center fabric portion slides back and accordions at the rear. As an example, [[Citroën]]'s 1948 [[Citroën 2CV]] featured rigid bodysides and two doors on each side, along with a sunroof that rolled back on itself and extended to the rear bumper in place of a separate trunk lid. Other fixed-profile convertibles include the 1957 [[Autobianchi Bianchina|Autobianchi Bianchina Trasformabile]], 1957 [[Vespa 400]], 1950 [[Nash Motors|Nash]] Rambler Landau Convertible Coupe, the [[Nissan Figaro]] (1991), the [[Jaguar XJ-S]]C (1983), the 1957 [[Fiat 500]] and its 2007 [[Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] successor, as well as the [[Microlino|Microlino Spiaginno]] (2024). The 1984 Heuliez-designed [[Citroën Visa]] ''Décapotable'' used elements of a fixed-profile convertible.

{{anchor|Four-door}}

'''Four-door:''' Most convertibles have two doors. However, four-door convertibles have been mass-produced. Examples include the 1940-41 [[Cadillac Series 62]], 1931 [[Chrysler Imperial#1931–1933|Chrysler Imperial Dual Cowl Phaeton]] and 1961-67 [[Lincoln Continental]].<ref>{{cite book |author=<!-- staff --> |title=Cars Of The Sizzling 60s: A Decade Of Great Rides And Good Vibrations |date=1997 |publisher=Publications International |edition=First |isbn=9780785324355 |pages=68–69, 307}}</ref> Current production four-door convertibles include the [[Jeep Wrangler]] Unlimited.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeep history in the 2000s|url= https://www.jeep.com/history/2000s.html#cj-3a |website=jeep.com |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2017 Jeep Wrangler|url= https://www.edmunds.com/jeep/wrangler/2017/ |website=edmunds.com |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>

Peugeot presented a [[concept car|concept]] four-door [[retractable hardtop]] convertible, the [[Peugeot 407#407 concept cars|Peugeot 407 Macarena]] in 2006.<ref name="edmunds">{{cite web |title=¡Hey, Macarena! Heuliez Creates an Open-Top Peugeot 407 |work=Edmunds |date=18 January 2006 |url= http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=109085 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061219010531/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId%3D109085 |archive-date=19 December 2006 |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> Produced by French coachbuilding specialist [[Heuliez]], the Macarena's top can be folded in 60 seconds,<ref name="edmunds"/> with a steel reinforcing beam behind the front seats incorporating LCD screens for the rear passengers into the crossmember.<ref name="edmunds"/>

{{anchor|Off-road}}

'''Off-road:''' Several off-road vehicles have been produced with removable soft tops.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evolution Of The Convertible SUV|url= https://autowise.com/convertible-suv-history/ |website=autowise.com |date= March 2018 |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> Examples include the [[Jeep Wrangler]], [[Suzuki Vitara]], [[Suzuki Jimny]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Suzuki Jimny 2005 - 2012 |url= https://www.autoevolution.com/cars/suzuki-jimny-2005.html |website=autoevolution.com |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> [[Ford Bronco]], [[Land Rover Defender]], [[Mercedes-Benz G-Class]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Mercedes-Maybach G650 Landaulet |url= https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2018-mercedes-maybach-g650-landaulet-first-ride-review |website=caranddriver.com |date=12 February 2017 |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> as well as early models of the [[Toyota Land Cruiser]] and [[Land Rover Defender]]. Typically, the soft tops attach to the roll cage or to the installation points on the vehicle's body.

{{anchor|Landaulet}}

'''Landaulet:''' A [[landaulet (car)|landaulet]] (also known as ''landaulette'') is where the rear passengers are covered by a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] top.<ref>{{cite book|last=Georgano |first=Nick |author-link=G.N. Georgano |title=Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-57958-367-5 |page=216}}</ref><ref name="Clough">{{cite book |last=Clough|first=Albert L. |title=A dictionary of automobile terms |year=1913 |publisher=The Horseless Age Company |lccn= 13003001 |url= https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofauto00clourich |access-date= 1 September 2014 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofauto00clourich/page/185 185]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories| url= https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr |url-access=registration |date=1991 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |lccn=91029965 |isbn=9780877796039 |quote=The motor landaulet was essentially an enclosed sedan or coupe with a folding top at the extreme rear quarter, over the rear seat. |pages= [https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/358 358]–359 |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> Often the driver is separated from the rear passengers with a partition,<ref name="Clough"/> as per a [[limousine]].

In the second half of the 20th century, landaulets were used by public figures (such as heads of state) in formal processions. They are now rarely used, for fear of terrorist attacks.

{{anchor|Victoria}}

'''Victoria-Cabriolet:''' reminiscent of the [[Victoria (carriage)|victoria carriage style]], a three-position convertible. No rear side windows and equipped with a soft top that can be raised partway, leaving the area above the front seats folded back.<ref name=types34>{{citation |ref=IDABS |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6GQoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |title=Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles |edition=Second |first=Lennart W. |last=Haajanen |page=34 |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786499182 |via=Google Books |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> This body style had a short period of popularity, mainly in the 1930s. Other names include Cabriolet/Coupé Milord (or just Milord), Calash (from [[Barouche|Calèche]]), Folding Head DHC, three-position Drop-head Coupé, or ''Cabriolet toit de 3 positions''.<ref name=types35>[[#IDABS|Haajanen]], p. 35</ref>