Editing Counter-Reformation (section)

==Politics and wars==

===British Isles===
{{main|English Reformation#Marian Restoration|Scottish Reformation#Political background (1528–59)|Reformation in Ireland#Religious policy of Queen Mary I}}

===The Netherlands===
{{further| Dutch Revolt |Eighty Years' War|War of the Jülich Succession}}
[[File:Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg|thumb|Anabaptist [[Dirk Willems]] rescues his pursuer and is subsequently burned at the stake in 1569.]]
When the [[Calvinism|Calvinists]] took control of various parts of [[History of the Netherlands|the Netherlands]] in the [[Dutch Revolt]], the Catholics led by [[Philip II of Spain]] fought back. The king sent in [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alexander Farnese]] as [[Governor-general|Governor-General]] of the [[Spanish Netherlands]] from 1578 to 1592.

Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the [[Dutch Revolt]], in which he captured the main cities in the south (the future [[Belgium]]) and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain.<ref>de Groof, Bart (1993). "Alexander Farnese and the Origins of Modern Belgium", ''Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome'', Vol. 63, pp 195–219.</ref> He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the [[Union of Atrecht|treaty of Arras]] in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.

The seven northern provinces as well as the [[County of Flanders]] and [[Duchy of Brabant]], controlled by Calvinists, responded with the [[Union of Utrecht]], where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in [[County of Hainaut|Hainaut]] and [[Artois]], then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: [[Tournai]], [[Maastricht]], [[Breda (Netherlands)|Breda]], [[Bruges]] and [[Ghent]] opened their gates.

Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of [[Antwerp]]. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of [[Marnix van St. Aldegonde]]. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the [[Scheldt]]. [[Fall of Antwerp|Antwerp surrendered in 1585]] as 60,000 citizens (60 per cent of the pre-siege population) fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.

In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.<ref>Soen, Violet (2012). "Reconquista and Reconciliation in the Dutch Revolt: The Campaign of Governor-General Alexander Farnese (1578–1592)", ''[[Journal of Early Modern History]]'' 16#1 pp 1–22.</ref>

Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of [[History of Belgium|Belgium]].<ref>Janssen, Geert H. (2012). "The Counter-Reformation of the Refugee: Exile and the Shaping of Catholic Militancy in the Dutch Revolt", ''[[Journal of Ecclesiastical History]]'' 63#4 pp. 671–692.</ref>

===Germany===
{{Main|Augsburg Interim#The Interim}}
The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.

During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed {{ill|Exulantenstädte|de|Exulantenstadt}} (plural), were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the [[Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic)|Unity of the Brethren]] settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the [[County of Flanders]] often fled to the [[Lower Rhine region]] and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the [[Rhineland]] to [[Central Germany (cultural area)|Central Germany]]. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g. ''Freudenstadt'' ("Joy Town"), ''Glückstadt'' ("Happy Town").<ref>{{cite web |editor-last= Martin |editor-first= Christiane |title= Exulantenstadt |work= Lexikon der Geographie |language= de |publisher= Spektrum Akademischer Verlag |location= Heidelberg |year= 2001 |url= https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/exulantenstadt/2311 |access-date= 2020-05-30 |archive-date= 2020-10-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201028221812/https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/exulantenstadt/2311 |url-status= live }}</ref>

A list of ''Exulantenstädte'':
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Altona, Hamburg]]
* [[Bad Karlshafen]]
* [[Freudenstadt]]
* [[Friedrichsdorf]]
* [[Glückstadt]]
* [[Hanau]]
* [[Johanngeorgenstadt]]
* [[Krefeld]]
* [[Neu-Isenburg]]
* [[Neusalza-Spremberg]]
{{div col end}}

====Cologne====
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg|upright=1|thumb|[[Peter Paul Rubens]] was the great Flemish artist of the Counter-Reformation. He painted ''Adoration of the Magi'' in 1624.]]
{{Main|Cologne War}}
The Cologne War (1583–1589) was a conflict between [[Protestant]] and [[Catholic]] factions that devastated the [[Electorate of Cologne]]. After Archbishop [[Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg]], the [[prince-elector]] ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, [[Ernest of Bavaria|Ernst of Bavaria]], and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies.

===Belgium===
{{Main|Reformation#Belgium}}

===Bohemia and Austria===
{{further|Moravian Church#Counter-Reformation}}
In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for [[Tyrol]], the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]], who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the [[Bohemian Revolt]] of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as [[Sigmund von Birken]], [[Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg]], and [[Stubenberg family|Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg]]. This influenced the development of [[German literature#Baroque period|German Baroque literature]], especially around [[Regensburg]] and [[Nuremberg]]. Some lived as [[crypto-protestantism|crypto-Protestants]].

Others moved to Saxony or the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]. The [[Salzburg Protestants]] were exiled in the 18th century, especially to [[Prussia]]. The [[Transylvanian Landler]]s were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne, [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] spoke vehemently to his mother, [[Maria Theresa#Jews and Protestants|Maria Theresa]], in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous."{{sfn|Beales|2005|p=14}} His 1781 [[Patent of Toleration]] can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants (such as the [[Zillertal#Protestantism|Zillertal expulsion]]). In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions.

===France===
{{Main|Massacre of Mérindol|St. Bartholomew's Day massacre|Persecution of Huguenots under Louis XV|French Wars of Religion|Huguenot rebellions}}
[[File:Matanzasinlet.jpg|thumb|right|[[Matanzas Inlet]], Florida, where the survivors were killed]]

In France, from 1562 Catholics and [[Huguenots]] (Reformed Protestants) fought a [[French Wars of Religion|series of wars]], resulting in millions of deaths until the [[Edict of Nantes]] brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the [[Peace of Alès]] of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of [[Louis XIV]], who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the [[Edict of Fontainebleau]] in 1685.

In 1565, several hundred [[Fort Caroline#Fort Caroline (1564–1565)|Huguenot shipwreck survivors]] surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.<ref name=colonial>{{cite book |author= Henderson, Richard R. |author2= International Council on Monuments and Sites. U.S. Committee |author3= United States National Park Service |title=A Preliminary inventory of Spanish colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987 |date= March 1989 |publisher= United States Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service |page=87 |isbn= 9780911697032 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AIkIAQAAMAAJ&q=slaughters }}</ref>

===Italy===
{{Main|Reformation in Italy#Causes of the Italian Reformation's collapse}}

===Poland and Lithuania===
{{Main|Counter-Reformation in Poland|Reformation#Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth}}

===Spain===
{{Main|Spanish Inquisition#Protestants and Anglicans|Reformation#Spain}}

====Indian====
{{Main|Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein}}

===Eastern Rites===

====Middle East====
{{Main|Chaldean Catholic Church}}

====Ukraine====
{{Further|Belarusian Greek Catholic Church}}
The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ruthenian]] Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the [[Catholic Church]] while preserving their [[Byzantine]] tradition. [[Pope]] [[Clement VIII]] received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15130a.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029211644/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15130a.htm|date=2009-10-29}}[[Union of Brest]]. ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (1917), via newadvent.org.</ref> Under the treaty of the [[Union of Brest]], Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from using a [[Creed]] with the [[Filioque]] clause  as a condition for reconciliation, and the Ruthenians agree not to debate [[Purgatory]].<ref>See text of the [http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TREATBR.HTM Treaty of the Union of Brest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232253/https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TREATBR.HTM |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>