Editing Czech language (section)

==Grammar==
Czech grammar, like that of other Slavic languages, is [[fusional language|fusional]]; its nouns, verbs, and adjectives are [[inflection|inflected]] by phonological processes to modify their meanings and grammatical functions, and the easily separable [[affix]]es characteristic of [[agglutinative language|agglutinative]] languages are limited.<ref>{{Harvnb|Qualls|2012|pp=6–8}}</ref> 
Czech inflects for case, gender and number in nouns and tense, aspect, [[Grammatical mood|mood]], person and subject number and gender in verbs.<ref>{{Harvnb|Qualls|2012|p=5}}</ref>

Parts of speech include adjectives, [[adverb]]s, numbers, [[interrogative word]]s, [[preposition]]s, [[conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]s and [[interjection]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=v–viii}}</ref> Adverbs are primarily formed from adjectives by taking the final ''ý'' or ''í'' of the base form and replacing it with ''e'', ''ě'', ''y'', or ''o''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=61–63}}</ref> Negative statements are formed by adding the affix ''[[wikt:ne#Czech|ne-]]'' to the main verb of a clause,<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=212}}</ref> with one exception: ''je'' (he, she or it is) becomes ''není''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=134}}</ref>

===Sentence and clause structure===
{{see also|Czech word order}}
[[File:Studeněves, tabule dětského hřiště.JPG|thumb|A Czech-language sign at the entrance to a children's playground]]
{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+Czech pronouns, [[nominative case]]
|-
!Person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!1.
| ''já''
| ''my''
|-
!2.
| ''ty''<br/>''vy'' (formal)
| ''vy'' 
|-
!3.
| ''on'' (masculine)<br/>''ona'' (feminine)<br/>''ono'' (neuter)
| ''oni'' (masculine animate)<br/>''ony'' (masculine inanimate, feminine)<br/>''ona'' (neuter)
|}

Because Czech uses [[grammatical case]] to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on [[word order]], as English does), its word order is flexible. As a [[pro-drop language]], in Czech an [[Transitivity (grammar)|intransitive]] sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=74}}</ref> Enclitics (primarily [[auxiliary verb]]s and pronouns) appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot can contain a subject or object, a main form of a verb, an adverb, or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions ''a'', "and", ''i'', "and even" or ''ale'', "but").{{sfn|Short|2009|p=324}}

Czech syntax has a [[subject–verb–object]] sentence structure. In practice, however, word order is flexible and used to distinguish [[topic and comment|topic and focus]], with the topic or theme (known referents) preceding the focus or rheme (new information) in a sentence; Czech has therefore been described as a [[topic-prominent language]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderman |first1=Gunilla M. |last2=Rogers |first2=Margaret |title=Incorporating Corpora: The Linguist and the Translator |date=2008 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |pages=135–136}}</ref> Although Czech has a [[Periphrasis|periphrastic]] [[Passive voice|passive]] construction (like English), in colloquial style, word-order changes frequently replace the passive voice. For example, to change "Peter killed Paul" to "Paul was killed by Peter" the order of subject and object is inverted: ''Petr zabil Pavla'' ("Peter killed Paul") becomes "Paul, Peter killed" (''Pavla zabil Petr''). ''Pavla'' is in the [[accusative case]], the grammatical object of the verb.{{sfn|Short|2009|p=325}}
 
A word at the end of a clause is typically emphasized, unless an upward [[intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] indicates that the sentence is a question:<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=10–11}}</ref>
*''Pes jí bagetu.'' – The dog eats the baguette (rather than eating something else).
*''Bagetu jí pes.'' – The dog eats the baguette (rather than someone else doing so).
*''Pes bagetu jí.'' – The dog eats the baguette (rather than doing something else to it).
*''Jí pes bagetu?'' – Does the dog eat the baguette? (emphasis ambiguous)

In parts of [[Bohemia]] (including [[Prague]]), questions such as ''Jí pes bagetu?'' without an interrogative word (such as ''co'', "what" or ''kdo'', "who") are [[Intonation (linguistics)|intoned]] in a slow rise from low to high, quickly dropping to low on the last word or phrase.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=10}}</ref>

In modern Czech syntax, adjectives precede nouns,<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=48}}</ref> with few exceptions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Uhlířová |first1=Ludmila |title=SLOVOSLED NOMINÁLNÍ SKUPINY |url=https://www.czechency.org/slovnik/SLOVOSLED%20NOMINÁLNÍ%20SKUPINY |website=Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny |access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> [[Relative clause]]s are introduced by [[relativizer]]s such as the adjective ''který'', analogous to the English [[relative pronoun]]s "which", "that" and "who"/"whom". As with other adjectives, it [[Agreement (linguistics)|agrees]] with its associated noun in gender, number and case. Relative clauses follow the noun they modify. The following is a [[Interlinear gloss|glossed]] example:<ref>{{Harvnb|Harkins|1952|p=271}}</ref>

{{interlinear|indent=3
|Chc-i navštív-it universit-u, na kter-ou chod-í Jan.
|want-1SG visit-INF university-SG.ACC, on which-SG.F.ACC attend-3SG John.SG.NOM
|I want to visit the university that John attends.}}

===Declension===
{{Main|Czech declension}}
In Czech, nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven [[grammatical case]]s which indicate their function in a sentence, two [[grammatical number|numbers]] (singular and plural) and three [[grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine, feminine and neuter). The masculine gender is further divided into [[animacy|animate and inanimate]] classes.

====Case====
[[File:Bozeny Nemcove Revnice 6258.JPG|thumb|right|A street sign in German (top) and Czech (bottom) for a street named after [[Božena Němcová]] with her name declined in the genitive case in Czech (a sign probably from the time of the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Protectorate]]).]]
A [[nominative–accusative language]], Czech marks subject nouns of transitive and intransitive verbs in the nominative case, which is the form found in dictionaries, and [[direct object]]s of transitive verbs are declined in the accusative case.<ref name="n196" /> The vocative case is used to address people.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=201}}</ref> The remaining cases (genitive, dative, locative and instrumental) indicate semantic relationships, such as [[noun adjunct]]s (genitive), [[indirect object]]s (dative), or agents in passive constructions (instrumental).<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=197–199}}</ref> Additionally [[preposition]]s and some verbs require their complements to be declined in a certain case.<ref name="n196">{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=196}}</ref> The locative case is only used after prepositions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=199}}</ref> An adjective's case agrees with that of the noun it modifies. When Czech children learn their language's declension patterns, the cases are referred to by number:<ref name="Naughton 2005 25">{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=25}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Cases in Czech
|-
!scope="col"|No.
!scope="col"| Ordinal name (Czech)
!scope="col"| Full name (Czech)
!scope="col"| Case
!scope="col"| Main usage
|-
|1. 
|''první pád''
| ''nominativ''
!scope="row"|[[nominative case|nominative]]
| Subjects
|-
|2.
|''druhý pád''
| ''genitiv''
!scope="row"|[[genitive case|genitive]]
| Noun adjuncts, possession, prepositions of motion, time and location
|-
|3.
| ''třetí pád''
| ''dativ''
!scope="row"|[[dative case|dative]]
| Indirect objects, prepositions of motion
|-
|4.
| ''čtvrtý pád''
| ''akuzativ''
!scope="row"|[[accusative case|accusative]]
| Direct objects, prepositions of motion and time
|-
|5.
|''pátý pád''
| ''vokativ''
!scope="row"|[[vocative case|vocative]]
| Addressing someone
|-
|6.
|''šestý pád''
| ''lokál''
!scope="row"|[[locative case|locative]]
| Prepositions of location, time and topic
|-
|7.
|''sedmý pád''
| ''instrumentál''
!scope="row"|[[instrumental case|instrumental]]
| Passive agents, instruments, prepositions of location
|}

Some prepositions require the nouns they modify to take a particular case. The cases assigned by each preposition are based on the physical (or metaphorical) direction, or location, conveyed by it. For example, ''[[wikt:od|od]]'' (from, away from) and ''[[wikt:z#Czech|z]]'' (out of, off) assign the genitive case. Other prepositions take one of several cases, with their meaning dependent on the case; ''[[wikt:na#Czech|na]]'' means "on to" or "for" with the accusative case, but "on" with the locative.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=201–205}}</ref>

This is a glossed example of a sentence using several cases:

{{interlinear|indent=3|abbreviations=INS:instrumental case
|Nes-l js-em krabic-i do dom-u se sv-ým přítel-em.
|carry-SG.M.PST be-1.SG box-SG.ACC into house-SG.GEN with own-SG.INS friend-SG.INS
|I carried the box into the house with my friend.}}

====Gender====

Czech distinguishes three [[grammatical gender|genders]]—masculine, feminine, and neuter—and the masculine gender is subdivided into [[animacy|animate]] and inanimate. With few exceptions, feminine nouns in the nominative case end in ''-a'', ''-e'', or a consonant; neuter nouns in ''-o'', ''-e'', or ''-í'', and masculine nouns in a consonant.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=22–24}}</ref> Adjectives, participles, most pronouns, and the numbers "one" and "two" are marked for gender and agree with the gender of the noun they modify or refer to.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=51}}</ref> Past tense verbs are also marked for gender, agreeing with the gender of the subject, e.g. ''dělal'' (he did, or made); ''dělala'' (she did, or made) and ''dělalo'' (it did, or made).<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=141}}</ref> Gender also plays a semantic role; most nouns that describe people and animals, including personal names, have separate masculine and feminine forms which are normally formed by adding a suffix to the stem, for example ''Čech'' (Czech man) has the feminine form ''Češka'' (Czech woman).<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=238}}</ref>

Nouns of different genders follow different declension patterns. Examples of declension patterns for noun phrases of various genders follow:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ 
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="4" | Noun/adjective
|-
| Big dog (m. anim. sg.)
| Black backpack (m. inanim. sg.)
| Small cat (f. sg.)
| Hard wood (n. sg.)
|-
! Nom.
| ''velký pes''<br>(big dog)
|''černý batoh''<br>(black backpack)
| ''malá kočka''<br>(small cat)
| ''tvrdé dřevo''<br>(hard wood)
|-
! Gen.
| ''bez velkého psa''<br>(without the big dog)
| ''bez černého batohu''<br>(without the black backpack)
| ''bez malé kočky''<br>(without the small cat)
| ''bez tvrdého dřeva''<br>(without the hard wood)
|-
! Dat.
| ''k velkému psovi''<br>(to the big dog)
| ''k černému batohu''<br>(to the black backpack)
| ''k malé kočce''<br>(to the small cat)
| ''ke tvrdému dřevu''<br>(to the hard wood)
|-
! Acc.
| ''vidím velkého psa''<br>(I see the big dog)
| ''vidím černý batoh''<br>(I see the black backpack)
| ''vidím malou kočku''<br>(I see the small cat)
| ''vidím tvrdé dřevo''<br>(I see the hard wood)
|-
! Voc.
| ''velký pse!''<br>(big dog!)
| ''černý batohu!''<br>(black backpack!)
| ''malá kočko!''<br>(small cat!)
| ''tvrdé dřevo!''<br>(hard wood!)
|-
! Loc.
| ''o velkém psovi''<br>(about the big dog)
| ''o černém batohu''<br>(about the black backpack)
| ''o malé kočce''<br>(about the small cat)
| ''o tvrdém dřevě''<br>(about the hard wood)
|-
! Inst.
| ''s velkým psem''<br>(with the big dog)
| ''s černým batohem''<br>(with the black backpack)
| ''s malou kočkou''<br>(with the small cat)
| ''s tvrdým dřevem''<br>(with the hard wood)

|}

====Number====

Nouns are also inflected for [[grammatical number|number]], distinguishing between singular and plural. Typical of a Slavic language, Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case, but numbers over five require subject and direct object noun phrases to be declined in the genitive plural instead of the nominative or accusative, and when used as subjects these phrases take singular verbs. For example:<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=114}}</ref>
{|class=wikitable
|-
!English
!Czech
|-
| one Czech crown was...
| ''jedna koruna česká byla...''
|-
| two Czech crowns were...
| ''dvě koruny české byly...''
|-
| three Czech crowns were...
| ''tři koruny české byly...''
|-
| four Czech crowns were...
| ''čtyři koruny české byly...''
|-
| five Czech crowns were...
| ''pět korun českých bylo...''
|}

Numbers decline for case, and the numbers one and two are also inflected for gender. Numbers one through five are shown below as examples. The number one has declension patterns identical to those of the [[demonstrative pronoun]] ''[[wikt:ten#Czech|ten]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=83}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=117}}</ref>
{|class=wikitable
|-
!
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
|-
!Nominative
|''jeden'' (masc)<br/>''jedna'' (fem)<br/>''jedno'' (neut)
|''dva'' (masc)<br/>''dvě'' (fem, neut)
|''tři''
|''čtyři''
|''pět''
|-
!Genitive
|''jednoho'' (masc)<br/>''jedné'' (fem)<br/>''jednoho'' (neut)
|''dvou''
|''tří'' or ''třech''
|''čtyř'' or ''čtyřech''
|''pěti''
|-
!Dative
|''jednomu'' (masc)<br/>''jedné'' (fem)<br/>''jednomu'' (neut)
|''dvěma''
|''třem''
|''čtyřem''
|''pěti''
|-
!Accusative
|''jednoho'' (masc an.)<br/>''jeden'' (masc in.)<br/>''jednu'' (fem)<br/>''jedno'' (neut)
|''dva'' (masc)<br/>''dvě'' (fem, neut)
|''tři''
|''čtyři''
|''pět''
|-
!Locative
|''jednom'' (masc)<br/>''jedné'' (fem)<br/>''jednom'' (neut)
|''dvou''
|''třech''
|''čtyřech''
|''pěti''
|-
!Instrumental
|''jedním'' (masc)<br/>''jednou'' (fem)<br/>''jedním'' (neut)
|''dvěma''
|''třemi''
|''čtyřmi''
|''pěti''
|}

Although Czech's [[grammatical number]]s are singular and [[plural]], several residuals of [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms remain, such as the words ''dva'' ("two") and ''oba'' ("both"), which decline the same way. Some nouns for paired body parts use a historical dual form to express plural in some cases: ''[[wikt:ruka|ruka]]'' (hand)—''ruce'' (nominative); ''[[wikt:noha|noha]]'' (leg)—''nohama'' (instrumental), ''nohou'' (genitive/locative); ''[[wikt:oko|oko]]'' (eye)—''oči'', and ''[[wikt:ucho|ucho]]'' (ear)—''uši''. While two of these nouns are neuter in their singular forms, all plural forms are considered feminine; their gender is relevant to their associated adjectives and verbs.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=40}}</ref> These forms are plural semantically, used for any non-singular count, as in ''mezi čtyřma očima'' (face to face, lit. ''among four eyes''). The plural number paradigms of these nouns are a mixture of historical dual and plural forms. For example, ''nohy'' (legs; nominative/accusative) is a standard plural form of this type of noun.<ref>{{Harvnb|Komárek|2012|p=238}}</ref>

===Verb conjugation===
{{Main|Czech conjugation}}
Czech verbs agree with their subjects in [[grammatical person|person]] (first, second or third), [[grammatical number|number]] (singular or plural), and in constructions involving [[participle]]s, which includes the past tense, also in [[grammatical gender|gender]]. They are conjugated for tense (past, present or [[future tense|future]]) and mood ([[indicative]], [[imperative mood|imperative]] or [[conditional mood|conditional]]). For example, the conjugated verb ''[[wikt:mluvit|mluvíme]]'' (we speak) is in the present tense and first-person plural; it is distinguished from other conjugations of the [[infinitive]] ''mluvit'' by its ending, ''-íme''.<ref name="Naughton 2005 131"/> The infinitive form of Czech verbs ends in ''-t'' (archaically, ''-ti'' or ''-ci''). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, ''můžu tě slyšet''—"I can ''hear'' you").<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=7}}</ref>

====Aspect====
{{See also|Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages}}
Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two [[grammatical aspect]]s: [[perfective aspect|perfective]] and [[imperfective aspect|imperfective]]. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs—for example, ''[[wikt:koupit|koupit]]'' (perfective) and ''[[wikt:kupovat|kupovat]]'' (imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing or repeated. This is distinct from [[past tense|past]] and [[present tense]].<ref name="Naughton 2005 146">{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=146}}</ref> Any verb of either aspect can be conjugated into either the past or present tense,<ref name="Naughton 2005 131">{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=131}}</ref> but the future tense is only used with imperfective verbs.<ref name="Naughton 2005 151">{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=151}}</ref> Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense.<ref name="Naughton 2005 146"/>

The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix—for example, the imperfective ''psát'' (to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective ''napsat'' (to write down). The most common prefixes are ''na-'', ''o-'', ''po-'', ''s-'', ''u-'', ''vy-'', ''z-'' and ''za-''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=147}}</ref> In suffix pairs, a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem; for example, the perfective verbs ''koupit'' (to buy) and ''prodat'' (to sell) have the imperfective forms ''kupovat'' and ''prodávat''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=147–148}}</ref> Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs (iterative and [[frequentative]] forms), denoting repeated or regular action. The verb ''jít'' (to go) has the iterative form ''chodit'' (to go regularly) and the frequentative form ''chodívat'' (to go occasionally; to tend to go).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lukeš|first1=Dominik|publisher=DominikLukeš.net|title=Gramatická terminologie ve vyučování – Terminologie a platonický svět gramatických idejí|url=http://www.dominiklukes.net/bibliography/platonickysvetgramatickychkategorii|access-date=August 5, 2014|year=2001|archive-date=September 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923003624/http://www.dominiklukes.net/bibliography/platonickysvetgramatickychkategorii|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many verbs have only one aspect, and verbs describing continual states of being—''[[wikt:být|být]]'' (to be), ''[[wikt:chtít|chtít]]'' (to want), ''[[wikt:moct|moct]]'' (to be able to), ''[[wikt:ležet|ležet]]'' (to lie down, to be lying down)—have no perfective form. Conversely, verbs describing immediate states of change—for example, ''[[wikt:otěhotnět|otěhotnět]]'' (to become pregnant) and ''[[wikt:nadchnout se|nadchnout se]]'' (to become enthusiastic)—have no imperfective aspect.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=149}}</ref>

====Tense====

{|class="wikitable floatleft"
|+Conjugation of ''být'' in future tense
|-
!Person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!1.
| ''budu''
| ''budeme''
|-
!2.
| ''budeš''
| ''budete''
|-
!3.
| ''bude''
| ''budou''
|}

The present tense in Czech is formed by adding an ending that agrees with the person and number of the subject at the end of the verb stem. As Czech is a [[null-subject language]], the subject pronoun can be omitted unless it is needed for clarity.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=134}}</ref>  The past tense is formed using a [[participle]] which ends in ''-l'' and a further ending which agrees with the gender and number of the subject. For the first and second persons, the auxiliary verb ''být'' conjugated in the present tense is added.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=140–142}}</ref>

In some contexts, the present tense of perfective verbs (which differs from the English [[present perfect]]) implies future action; in others, it connotes habitual action.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=150}}</ref> The perfective present is used to refer to completion of actions in the future and is distinguished from the imperfective future tense, which refers to actions that will be ongoing in the future. The future tense is regularly formed using the future conjugation of ''být'' (as shown in the table on the left<!-- Please change directions here if moving table -->) and the infinitive of an imperfective verb, for example, ''budu jíst''—"I will eat" or "I will be eating".<ref name="Naughton 2005 151"/> Where ''budu'' has a noun or adjective complement it means "I will be", for example, ''budu šťastný'' (I will be happy).<ref name="Naughton 2005 151"/> Some verbs of movement form their future tense by adding the prefix ''po-'' to the present tense forms instead, e.g. ''jedu'' ("I go") > ''pojedu'' ("I will go").<ref>{{cite web |last1=Karlík |first1=Petr |last2=Migdalski |first2=Krzysztof |title=FUTURUM (budoucí čas) |url=https://www.czechency.org/slovnik/FUTURUM |website=Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref>

====Mood====

{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+Conditional form of ''[[wikt:koupit|koupit]]'' (to buy)
|-
!Person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!1.
| ''koupil/a bych''
| ''koupili/y bychom''
|-
!2.
| ''koupil/a bys''
| ''koupili/y byste'' 
|-
!3.
| ''koupil/a/o by''
| ''koupili/y/a by''
|}

Czech verbs have three [[grammatical mood]]s: [[indicative]], [[imperative mood|imperative]] and [[conditional mood|conditional]].<ref name="Rothstein 2010 359">{{Harvnb|Rothstein|Thieroff|2010|p=359}}</ref> The imperative mood is formed by adding specific endings for each of three person–number categories: ''-Ø/-i/-ej'' for second-person singular, ''-te/-ete/-ejte'' for second-person plural and ''-me/-eme/-ejme'' for first-person plural.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=157}}</ref> Imperatives are usually expressed using perfective verbs if positive and imperfective verbs if negative.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|p=159}}</ref> The conditional mood is formed with a conditional [[auxiliary verb]] after the participle ending in -l which is used to form the past tense. This mood indicates hypothetical events and can also be used to express wishes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=152–154}}</ref>

====Verb classes====
{{main|Morphological classification of Czech verbs}}

Most Czech verbs fall into one of five [[morphological classification of Czech verbs|classes]], which determine their conjugation patterns. The future tense of ''být'' would be classified as a Class I verb because of its endings. Examples of the present tense of each class and some common irregular verbs follow in the tables below:<ref>{{Harvnb|Naughton|2005|pp=136–140}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class=wikitable
|-
!
!Class I
!Class II
!Class III
!Class IV
!Class V
|-
!Definition 
|to carry
|to print
|to wander
|to suffer
|to do, to make
|-
!Infinitive
|''nést''
|''tisknout''
|''putovat''
|''trpět''
|''dělat''
|-
!1st p. sg.
|''nesu''
|''tisknu''
|''putuji''
|''trpím''
|''dělám''
|-
!2nd p. sg.
|''neseš''
|''tiskneš''
|''putuješ''
|''trpíš''
|''děláš''
|-
!3rd p. sg.
|''nese''
|''tiskne''
|''putuje''
|''trpí''
|''dělá''
|-
!1st p. pl.
|''neseme''
|''tiskneme''
|''putujeme''
|''trpíme''
|''děláme''
|-
!2nd p. pl.
|''nesete''
|''tisknete''
|''putujete''
|''trpíte''
|''děláte''
|-
!3rd p. pl.
|''nesou''
|''tisknou''
|''putují''
|''trpí''
|''dělají''
|}
{{col-2}}
{|class=wikitable
|+Irregular verbs
!Definition 
|to be
|to want
|to eat
|to know
|-
!Infinitive
|''být''
|''chtít''
|''jíst''
|''vědět''
|-
!1st p. sg.
|''jsem''
|''chci''
|''jím''
|''vím''
|-
!2nd p. sg.
|''jsi''
|''chceš''
|''jíš''
|''víš''
|-
!3rd p. sg.
|''je''
|''chce''
|''jí''
|''ví''
|-
!1st p. pl.
|''jsme''
|''chceme''
|''jíme''
|''víme''
|-
!2nd p. pl.
|''jste''
|''chcete''
|''jíte''
|''víte''
|-
!3rd p. pl.
|''jsou''
|''chtějí''
|''jedí''
|''vědí''
|}
{{col-end}}