Editing Dehumanization (section)

=== Property takeover ===
[[File:Mateo Zapata.jpg|thumb|The [[Spanish Inquisition]] would seize the property of those accused of [[heresy]] and use the profits to fund the accused's imprisonment, even before trial.]]
Property scholars define dehumanization as "the failure to recognize an individual's or group's humanity."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Atuahene|first=Bernadette|date=2016|title=Dignity Takings and Dignity Restoration: Creating a New Theoretical Framework for Understanding Involuntary Property Loss and the Remedies Required|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/lsi.12249|journal=Law & Social Inquiry|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=801|doi=10.1111/lsi.12249|s2cid=151377162|issn=1747-4469}}</ref> Dehumanization often occurs alongside property confiscation. When a property takeover is coupled with dehumanization, the result is a [[dignity taking]].<ref name=":0" /> There are several examples of dignity takings involving dehumanization.

From its founding, the United States repeatedly engaged in dignity takings from [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] populations, taking indigenous land in an "undeniably horrific, violent, and tragic record" of genocide and [[ethnocide]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Richland|first=Justin B.|date=2016|title=Dignity as (Self-)Determination: Hopi Sovereignty in the Face of US Dispossessions|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/lsi.12191|journal=Law & Social Inquiry|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=921|doi=10.1111/lsi.12191|s2cid=148319987|issn=1747-4469}}</ref> As recently as 2013, the degradation of a mountain sacred to the [[Hopi]] people—by spraying its peak pot with artificial snow made from [[wastewater]]—constituted another dignity taking by the [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]].<ref name=":1" />

The 1921 [[Tulsa race massacre]] also constituted a dignity taking involving dehumanization.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Brophy|first=Alfred L.|date=2016|title=When More than Property Is Lost: The Dignity Losses and Restoration of the Tulsa Riot of 1921|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry/article/when-more-than-property-is-lost-the-dignity-losses-and-restoration-of-the-tulsa-riot-of-1921/AD16D6C5F782963AB4E68D1116431156|journal=Law & Social Inquiry|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=824–832|doi=10.1111/lsi.12205|s2cid=147798196|issn=0897-6546}}</ref> White rioters dehumanized African Americans by attacking, looting, and destroying homes and businesses in Greenwood, a predominantly Black neighborhood known as "Black Wall Street".<ref name=":2" />

During the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], mass genocide—a severe form of dehumanization—accompanied the destruction and taking of Jewish property.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Veraart|first=Wouter|date=2016-06-29|title=Two Rounds of Postwar Restitution and Dignity Restoration in the Netherlands and in France|url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/two-rounds-of-postwar-restitution-and-dignity-restoration-in-the-|journal=Law & Social Inquiry|language=English|volume=41|issue=4|pages=956–972|doi=10.1111/lsi.12212|s2cid=147735669|issn=1747-4469|doi-access=free}}</ref> This constituted a dignity taking.<ref name=":3" />

Jewish settlers in the [[West Bank]] have been criticized for dehumanizing Palestinians and land grabbing on illegal settlements.<ref name="h1">{{cite web |title=This Is the Disturbing Reality of Israeli Land Theft and Right-wing Rule |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-22/ty-article/.premium/this-is-the-disturbing-reality-of-israeli-land-theft-and-right-wing-rule/00000187-0432-dde5-ab8f-263ea83d0000 |publisher=Haaretz |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> These illegal settlement activities involve systemic settler violence against Palestinians, military orders, and state-sanctioned support.<ref name="btselem1">{{cite web |title=State Business: Israel's misappropriation of land in the West Bank through settler violence |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/202111_state_business |publisher=Btselem |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> These actions force Palestinians to gradually give up their land and farming activities and gradually choke their sources of dignified income.<ref name="btselem1" /> Israeli soldiers sometimes actively participate in violence against civilians or look on from the sidelines.<ref name="btselem1" />

Undocumented workers in the United States have also been subject to dehumanizing dignity takings when employers treat them as machines instead of people to justify dangerous working conditions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Rathod|first1=Jayesh|last2=Nadas|first2=Rachel|date=2017-01-01|title=Damaged Bodies, Damaged Lives: Immigrant Worker Injuries as Dignity Takings|url=https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/facsch_lawrev/1067|journal=Chicago-Kent Law Review|volume=92|issue=3}}</ref> When harsh conditions lead to bodily injury or death, the property destroyed is the physical body.<ref name=":4" />