Editing Discrimination (section)

===Race or ethnicity===

{{Main|Racism|Racial discrimination|Discrimination based on skin color|Ethnic penalty|Racial segregation}}
[[File:Anti Arab sign in Pattaya Beach Thailand.jpg|thumb|[[Anti-Arabism|Anti-Arab]] sign in [[Pattaya Beach]], [[Thailand]]]]
[[File:No entrance for poles1.jpeg|thumb|German warning in [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied Poland]] 1939 – "[[Nur für Deutsche|No entrance for Poles]]!"|left]]
[[File:37431682 eb5832e644.jpg|left|thumb|[[Racial antisemitism|Antisemitic]] graffiti in [[Lithuania]]. The words read ''Juden raus'' (German for ''Jews out'') and ''Hasse'' (presumably a misspelling of ''Hass'', German for ''hate'').]]
[[Image:Segregation 1938b.jpg|right|thumb|250px|An [[African-American]] child at a segregated drinking fountain on a courthouse lawn, [[North Carolina]], US 1938]]

Racial and ethnic discrimination differentiates individuals on the basis of real and perceived racial and ethnic differences and leads to various forms of the [[ethnic penalty]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kislev|first=Elyakim|date=2016-09-19|title=Deciphering the 'Ethnic Penalty' of Immigrants in Western Europe: A Cross-Classified Multilevel Analysis|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-016-1451-x|journal=Social Indicators Research|volume=134|issue=2|pages=725–745|doi=10.1007/s11205-016-1451-x|s2cid=157454886|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="carmichael & woods, 2000">{{cite journal | title=Ethnic Penalties in Unemployment and Occupational Attainment: Evidence for Britain |author1=Carmichael, F. |author2=Woods, R. | journal=International Review of Applied Economics | year=2000 | volume=14 | issue=1 | pages=71–98 | doi=10.1080/026921700101498|s2cid=154020583 }}</ref> It can also refer to the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be divided based on the [[Supremacism|superiority]] of one [[Race (human categorization)|race]] over another.<ref name="Dennis">{{cite journal|author=Dennis, Rutledge M.|title=Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race|journal=Journal of Negro Education|volume=64|issue=3|pages=243–52|year=1995|doi=10.2307/2967206|jstor=2967206}}</ref><ref name="oxforddictionaries.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120708012611/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/racism Racism] Oxford Dictionaries</ref><ref name="Ghani">{{cite book |last=Ghani |first=Navid |editor-last=Schaefer |editor-first=Richard T. |title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society |date=2008 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2 |pages=1113–1115 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&q=racism |chapter=Racism}}</ref><ref name="newman, D.M.">{{cite book | last = Newman | first = D. M. | title = Sociology : exploring the architecture of everyday life | publisher = SAGE | location = Los Angeles | year = 2012 | edition = 9th | isbn = 978-1-4129-8729-5 | page = 405 | quote = racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.}}</ref> It may also mean [[prejudice]], discrimination, or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different race or [[ethnicity]].<ref name="oxforddictionaries.com"/><ref name="Ghani"/>

Modern variants of [[racism]] are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These views can take the form of [[social actions]], practices or beliefs, or [[political systems]] in which different races are ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities.<ref name="oxforddictionaries.com"/><ref name="Ghani"/><ref name="newman">{{cite book | last = Newman | first = D.M. | title = Sociology: exploring the architecture of everyday life | publisher = Sage | location = Los Angeles | year = 2012 | edition = 9th | isbn = 978-1-4129-8729-5 | page = 405 | quote = racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.}}</ref> It has been official government policy in several countries, such as [[South Africa]] during the [[apartheid]] era. Discriminatory policies towards ethnic minorities include the race-based discrimination against ethnic [[Malaysian Indian|Indians]] and Chinese in Malaysia<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide]". March 4, 2008. BBC News.</ref> The concept of multiracism has been used to explain the varieties of race discrimination.<ref>Bonnett, A. 2022, ''Multiracism'', Polity, ISBN 978-1509537327</ref> After the [[Vietnam War]], many [[Vietnamese boat people|Vietnamese refugees]] moved to Australia and the United States, where they faced discrimination.<ref>Levine, Bertram. (2005). "Not All Black and White". J. Cropp (Ed.), ''Resolving Racial Conflict'', 193–218. London: University of Missouri Press.</ref>