Editing Distributive justice (section)

== Application and outcomes ==

===Outcomes===
Distributive justice affects performance when efficiency and productivity are involved.<ref name="ccands">Cohen-Charash, Y., and P. E. Spector. 2001. "The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis." ''[[Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes]]'' 86:278–321.</ref> Improving perceptions of justice increases performance.<ref name="karriker">Karriker, J.H., and M.L. Williams. 2009. "Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Mediated Multifoci Model." ''[[Journal of Management]]'' 35:112.</ref> [[Organizational citizenship behavior]]s (OCBs) are employee actions in support of the organization that are outside the scope of their job description. Such behaviors depend on the degree to which an organization is perceived to be distributively just.<ref name="ccands" /><ref name="karriker" /> As organizational actions and decisions are perceived as more just, employees are more likely to engage in OCBs. Perceptions of distributive justice are also strongly related to the withdrawal of employees from the organization.<ref name="ccands" />

=== Wealth ===
{{See also|Redistribution (economics)}}
Distributive justice considers whether the distribution of goods among the members of society at a given time is subjectively acceptable.

Not all advocates of [[consequentialist]] theories are concerned with an equitable society. What unites them is the mutual interest in achieving the best possible results or, in terms of the example above, the best possible [[distribution of wealth]].

===Environmental justice===
{{Main|Environmental justice}}
Distributive justice in an environmental context is the equitable distribution of a society's technological and environmental risks, impacts, and benefits. These burdens include exposure to hazardous waste, land appropriation, armed violence, and murder.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Downey|first=Liam|date=November 20, 2010|title=Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation|journal=Organization and Environment|volume=23|issue=4|pages=417–445|doi=10.1177/1086026610385903|pmc=3169238|pmid=21909231}}</ref><ref name="MMIWG_2019_vol1a">{{cite report|url=https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Final_Report_Vol_1a.pdf|title=Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls|volume=1a|page=728|isbn=978-0-660-29274-8}} CP32-163/2-1-2019E-PDF</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite journal|last=Scheidel|first=Arnim|date=July 2020|title=Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=63|page=102104 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104 |pmid=32801483 |pmc=7418451 }}</ref> Distributive justice is an essential principle of environmental justice because there is evidence that shows that these burdens cause health problems, negatively affect quality of life, and drive down property value.

The potential negative social impacts of [[environmental degradation]] and regulatory policies have been at the center environmental discussions since the rise of environmental justice.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McGurty|first1=Eileen|date=1997|title=From NIMBY to Civil Rights: The Origins of the Environmental Justice Movement|journal=Environmental History|volume=2|issue=3|pages=301–323|doi=10.2307/3985352|jstor=3985352|s2cid=143296214 }}<!--|access-date=April 4, 2016--></ref> Environmental burdens fall disproportionately upon the [[Global North and Global South|Global South]], while benefits are primarily accrued to the Global North.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Adeola|first=Francis|date=2001|title=Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Abuse: The States, MNCs, and Repression of Minority Groups in the World System|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24707236|journal=Human Ecology Review|volume=8|issue=1|pages=39–59|jstor=24707236}}</ref>

===In politics===
Distributive justice theory argues that societies have a duty to individuals in need and that all individuals have a duty to help others in need. Proponents of distributive justice link it to [[human rights]]. Many governments are known for dealing with issues of distributive justice, especially in countries with ethnic tensions and geographically distinctive minorities. Post-[[apartheid]] [[South Africa]] is an example of a country that deals with issues of re-allocating resources with respect to the distributive justice framework.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Catholic Church ===
Distributive justice is also fundamental to the [[Catholic Church]]'s [[Social teachings of the papacy|social teaching]], inspiring such figures as [[Dorothy Day]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zwick|first=Mark and Louise|title=The Catholic Worker Movement: Intellectual and Spiritual Origins|publisher=Paulist Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0809143153}}</ref> and [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church - Social justice|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s1c2a3.htm|access-date=2018-11-03|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref>