Editing Doctor of Science (section)

=== Other European Union countries ===
In the Czech Republic and Slovakia "Doctor of Sciences" (DrSc behind the name), established in 1953, is equivalent to the degree of Doctor of Science in the sense in which the DSc is used in the Commonwealth. It is the highest academic qualification, different from both PhD and PhDr. titles. In the Czech Republic, DrSc has not been awarded since 2001; instead, since 2006, a "Doctor of Sciences" degree (DSc behind the name) has been awarded, not by universities but by the [[Czech Academy of Sciences]] mostly for research in the field of natural or formal science. In Slovakia, "Doctor of Sciences" (DrSc) is awarded by the [[Slovak Academy of Sciences]].

In Hungary, "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc) is a higher doctorate degree and it is awarded by the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]].

In Finland, most doctoral degrees awarded in the fields of natural sciences, technology and economics are termed DSc degrees in English, with a suffix indicating the field of study. However, there is no translation of the term ''Doctor of Science'' to Finnish. For example, the proper translation for the doctorate in technology (''tekniikan tohtori'') would be DSc (Tech), whereas a doctorate in economics and business administration (''kauppatieteiden tohtori'') would be translated as DSc (Econ). When conversing or writing in English, the prefix ''Dr'' may be used to address a holder of a doctoral degree awarded in Finland. The degrees are equivalent to ''filosofian tohtori'' (FT, English: PhD), but FT is usually awarded only in general sciences, not in specializations like engineering, economics or medicine.

In France, the Doctor of Sciences degree (''doctorat en sciences'' also called ''doctorat d'État'') was a [[higher doctorate]] in the fields of experimental and natural sciences, superseded in 1984 by the [[habilitation]].

In Denmark, Dr Scient. is a higher doctorate.

In Bulgaria,  "Doctor" (PhD) is the highest education level and first science degree. Doctor of Sciences (DrSc) is the second and the highest science degree.