Editing Eastern question (section)

==Timeline==
{{See also|Ottoman Old Regime|Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire}}
*1683–99 – [[Great Turkish War]] and [[Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)]]; the Holy League decisively defeated the Ottomans, bringing an end to its expansionism.
*1684–99 – [[Morean War]].
*1686–1700 - [[Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)|Russo-Turkish War]].
*1699 – [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]; the Ottomans ceded much of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatia]], [[Kingdom of Slavonia|Slavonia]] and the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] to the Habsburgs. Poland–Lithuania gained [[Podolia]], and Venice gained [[Morea]] and inner [[Dalmatia]].
* 1700 - [[Treaty of Constantinople (1700)|Treaty of Constantinople]] (peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish War of 1686-1700); the Ottomans ceded [[Azov]], the [[Taganrog]] fortress, [[Mariupol|Pavlovsk]] and [[Mius]] to Russia.
*1710–11 – [[Russo-Turkish War (1710–1713)|Pruth River Campaign]].
*1711 – [[Treaty of the Pruth]] (peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish War of 1710-11); the Russians had to return the Azov Fortress to the Ottomans, Taganrog and several Russian fortresses were to be demolished.
*1713 – [[Treaty of Adrianople (1713)|Treaty of Adrianople]].
*1714–18 – [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)|Ottoman–Venetian War]].
*1716–18 – [[Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)|Austro–Turkish War]].
*1718 – [[Treaty of Passarowitz]] with Austria and Venice; major Turkish losses.
*1730–35 – [[Ottoman–Iranian War (1730–1735)|Ottoman–Iranian War]]. Turks lose much of Caucasus.
*1735–39 – [[Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)|Austro-Russian–Turkish War]]; stalemate.
*1739 - [[Treaty of Belgrade]]; the Habsburgs lost [[Wallachia Minor]] (Oltenia), central [[Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39)|Serbia]] with Belgrade, and the Bosnian section of [[Posavina]].
*1739 – [[Treaty of Niš (1739)|Treaty of Niš]] (peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-39); the Russians were allowed to build a port at Azov, though without fortifications and without the right to have a fleet in the Black Sea.
*1763–1864 – [[Russo-Circassian War]]; Russian annexation of Circassia, resulting in the [[Circassian genocide]].
*1768–74 – [[Russo-Turkish war (1768–1774)|Russo-Turkish War]]; Russia gains control of southern [[Ukraine]], [[Crimea]], and the upper northwestern part of the [[North Caucasus]].
*1774 – [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] (peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74); Russia gained the right to construct a Greek Orthodox Church in Istanbul, claiming itself to be the protector of the Greek Orthodox in the Ottoman Empire.
*1780–92 – [[Greek Plan]]; the Russian empress Catherine the Great proposed a solution to the Eastern question: the partition of the Ottoman Empire between the Russian and Habsburg Empires followed by the restoration of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] centered in [[Constantinople]].
*1783 – [[Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire]].
*1787–92 – [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|Russo-Turkish War]].
*1788–91 – [[Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)|Austro-Turkish War]]; Turkish loss.
*1789–99 – [[French Revolution]]. Ottoman Empire is generally neutral.
*1791 – [[Treaty of Sistova]]. Peace treaty of the Austro–Turkish War (1787–1791). Ottoman-Habsburg wars ended.
*1792 – [[Treaty of Jassy]] (peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-92).
*1795 – [[Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States and the Regency of Algiers|Treaty of Algiers]]. The US government pays tax to the Ottoman Empire for safe trade in the Mediterranean.
*1796 – [[Persian expedition of 1796|Persian expedition]]; Catherine II directed the army to Transcaucasia under the command of General Zubov. Baku falls.
*1798–1802 – [[French invasion of Egypt and Syria|Napoleon invasion of Egypt and Syria]].
*1801–05 – [[First Barbary War]].
*1804–13 – [[First Serbian Uprising]].
*1804–13 – [[Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)|Russo-Persian War]].
*1806–12 – [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)|Russo-Turkish War]].
*1807–09 – [[Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)|Anglo-Turkish War]].
*1809 – [[Treaty of the Dardanelles]] (peace treaty of the Anglo-Turkish War of 1807-09).
*1812 – [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]] (peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish War of 1807-12).
*1813 – [[Treaty of Gulistan]] (peace treaty of the Russo-Persian War of 1804); Iran gives up Dagestan, eastern Georgia, northern Armenia and the majority of Azerbaijan to Russia.
*1815–17 – [[Second Serbian Uprising]].
*1815 – [[Second Barbary War]].
*1817–64 – [[Caucasian War]]; North Caucasus annexed by Russia.
*1821 – [[Wallachian uprising of 1821|Wallachian uprising]], suppressed by the Ottomans.
*1821–29 – [[Greek War of Independence]]; Greek victory.
*1821 – [[Constantinople massacre of 1821|Constantinople massacre]] against the Greek community by the Ottomans.
*1822 – [[Chios massacre]].
*1823–25 – [[Greek civil wars of 1823–1825|Greek civil wars]].
*1824 – [[Destruction of Psara]].
*1826 – [[Protocol of St. Petersburg (1826)|Protocol of St. Petersburg]]; Britain and Russia agreed to impose mediation on the Greek War of Independence, granting the Greeks a limited independence and willing to use force if their offer was rejected.
*1826–28 – [[Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani]].
*1826–28 – [[Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)|Russo-Persian War]].
*1827 – [[Treaty of London (1827)|Treaty of London]]; the Great Powers agreed to create an independent Greece but tributary to the Ottomans, with the Sultan as its supreme ruler. The Ottomans rejected the treaty, resulting in the Allied military intervention.
*1827 – [[Battle of Navarino]]; Britain, France, and Russia decisively defeated the combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleet.
*1828 – [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]].
*1828–29 – [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Turkish War]].
*1828–33 – [[Morea expedition]]; the French Army intervenes in the Peloponnese.
*1829 – [[Treaty of Adrianople (1829)|Treaty of Adrianople]]; Greece gains autonomy.
*1830 – [[London Protocol (1830)|London Protocol]]; the Great Powers recognized Greece as a fully sovereign and independent state, separate from the Ottoman Empire.
*1830 – [[Invasion of Algiers (1830)|Invasion of Algiers]]; the Kingdom of France, ruled by Charles X, invaded and conquered the [[Regency of Algiers]].
*1831 – Muhammad Ali of Syria, invasion of Anatolia, [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)|First Egyptian-Turkish War]] (~ 1833). Bosnian uprising.
*1832 – [[London Conference of 1832|London Conference]]; the Great Powers established the Kingdom of Greece under a Bavarian prince.
*1832 – [[Treaty of Constantinople (1832)|Treaty of Constantinople]]; the Great Powers defined the border between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
*1833 – [[Convention of Kütahya]] (English version) (peace treaty of the First Egyptian-Turkish War).
*1833 - [[Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi|Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi (Unkiar Skelessi)]]. An alliance between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire is created, as well as a guarantee that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships if the Russians requested such action.
*1838 – [[Treaty of Balta Liman]]; British soil commercial treaty (English version) entered into.
*1839–41 – [[Edict of Gülhane]], [[Tanzimat]] starts, [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)|Second Egyptian-Turkish War]] (~ 1841) (English version).
*1840 – [[Convention of London (1840)|London Convention]] (peace treaty of the Second Egyptian-Turkish War); [[Oriental Crisis of 1840]].
*1841 – [[London Straits Convention]] (English version). The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi is discarded and the passage of the Russian fleet from Bosphorus and Dardanelles is prohibited.
*1846 in Baku – Oil well drilling machine was made. There were hand-dug oil well before that.
*1849 – [[Convention of Balta Liman]].
*1852–62 – [[Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)|Herzegovina uprising]].
*1852–53 – [[Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)|Montenegrin–Ottoman War]].
*1853–56 – [[Crimean War]].
*1854 – [[Epirus Revolt of 1854|Epirus Revolt]] and the [[1854 Macedonian rebellion|Macedonian rebellion]].
*1856 – [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] (peace treaty of the Crimean War).
*1856 – [[Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856]]
*1860 – [[1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus|Civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus]].
*1861–62 – [[Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)|Montenegrin–Ottoman War]].
*1863–78 – [[Circassian genocide]]; up to 3,500,000 Circassians<ref>{{cite journal |last=Messenger |first=Evan |date=6 December 2023 |title=The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide |url=https://ausisjournal.com/2023/12/06/the-circassian-genocide-the-forgotten-tragedy-of-the-first-modern-genocide/ |journal=American University: Journal of International Service | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223225321/https://ausisjournal.com/2023/12/06/the-circassian-genocide-the-forgotten-tragedy-of-the-first-modern-genocide/ | archive-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> were either killed by the Russians or forcibly expelled to the Ottoman Empire.
*1866–69 – [[Cretan revolt (1866–1869)|Cretan revolt]].
*1867 – Alfred Nobel invents dynamite.
*1870 – [[Bulgarian Exarchate]].
*1872 – Russia sold overseas oil well drilling rights in Baku to investors.
*1875–78 – [[Great Eastern Crisis]]; the outbreak of several uprisings and wars in the Ottoman Empire that resulted in the intervention of the Great Powers:
**The Serbian [[Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)]].
**The Bulgarian [[Stara Zagora Uprising|Stara Zagora Uprising of 1875]] and the [[April Uprising of 1876]].
**The [[Salonika Incident|Salonika Incident of 1876]].
**The Macedonian [[Razlovci uprising|Razlovci uprising of 1876]].
**[[1876 Ottoman coup d'état]]; [[First Constitutional Era]] and [[Constitution of the Ottoman Empire|First Ottoman constitution]] enacted.
**Nobel Brothers in Baku.
**[[Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}
**[[Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)]].
***[[First Serbian–Ottoman War|First Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–1877)]].
*1876–77 – [[Constantinople Conference]]; the Great Powers agreed on a project for political reforms in Bosnia and in the Ottoman territories with a majority-Bulgarian population. The Ottoman Empire rejected the reforms, depriving it of Western support.
*1877 – [[Budapest Convention of 1877]]
*1877–78 – [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]; [[Romanian War of Independence]], [[Liberation of Bulgaria]], independence of [[Principality of Montenegro|Montenegro]] and [[Principality of Serbia|Serbia]]. 
*1878 – [[Treaty of San Stefano]] (preliminary peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78); an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria was created after almost 500 years of Ottoman rule, with enlarged borders that encompassed nearly all of Macedonia and Thrace and direct access to the Mediterranean, greatly benefiting Russia and alarming the Great Powers. These gains were never implemented, being reversed during [[Congress of Berlin]] in the same year.
*1878 – [[Cyprus Convention]], [[Congress of Berlin]] and [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]] (final peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78); the Great Powers recognized the independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, and the Principality of Bulgaria had its borders greatly reduced, with the creation of the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia and the return of Macedonia to the Ottomans. Austria-Hungary gained the right to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina, the British occupied Cyprus and Russia annexed Southern Bessarabia and the oblasts of Kars and Batum.
*1878–79 – [[Kresna–Razlog uprising]].
*1879–82 – [[Urabi revolt]] against the khedive Tewfik Pasha and the British and French influence over Egypt.
*1881 – [[French conquest of Tunisia]].
*1882 – [[Anglo-Egyptian War]]; establishment of the [[History of Egypt under the British|British military occupation of Egypt]].
*1885 – [[Bulgarian unification]], [[Bulgarian Crisis (1885–1888)]] and [[Serbo-Bulgarian War]].
*1894–96 – [[Hamidian massacres]] of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.
*1896 – Ottoman coup d'état attempt.
*1897 – [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|Greco-Turkish War]]. [[Treaty of Constantinople (1897)|Treaty of Constantinople]].
*1899 – German [[Berlin–Baghdad railway|Baghdad Railway]] won the right-of-way. United Kingdom that has been competing Second Boer War withdrew in war expenses increased.
*1903 – [[Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising]].
*1904–05 – [[Russo-Japanese War]].
*1905 – [[Attempted assassination of Abdul Hamid II|Yıldız assassination attempt]]. [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] attempted to assassinate [[Abdul Hamid II|Abdulhamid II]].

[[File:Balkan 1912 es.svg|thumb|250px|Ottoman territory before the [[First Balkans War]] in 1912]]

*1908 – [[Young Turk Revolution]]
*1908 – [[Bulgarian Declaration of Independence]], [[Bosnian Crisis|Bosnia and Herzegovina annexation]].
*1909 – [[31 March incident]]
*1909 – [[Goudi coup]]
*1911-12 - [[Italo-Turkish War]], loss of [[Libya]] and the [[Dodecanese Islands]].
*1912 – [[Balkan League]] is formed by four Balkan countries. [[1912 Ottoman coup d'état|Ottoman coup d'état]].
*1912–13 – [[Balkan Wars]].
**1912–13 – [[London Conference of 1912–1913|London Conference]], [[First Balkan War]], [[Albanian Declaration of Independence]] and [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état|Ottoman coup d'état]].
**1913 – [[Treaty of London (1913)|Treaty of London]], [[Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913|Greek–Serbian Alliance]] and [[Second Balkan War]].
*1913 – [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)|Treaty of Bucharest]], [[Treaty of Constantinople (1913)|Treaty of Constantinople]] and [[Treaty of Athens]]; Turkey lost [[Crete]] and European territory except for Edirne and Istanbul.
*1914–18 – [[World War I]]; alliance with Germany; Turkish loss. 
**1915–17 – [[Constantinople Agreement]], [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]], [[Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement]] and [[Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne]]; The Allies defined their spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire.
**1915–17 – [[Armenian genocide]].
*1918–23 – [[Occupation of Istanbul]] by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces, in accordance with the [[Armistice of Mudros]].
*1918–21 – [[Franco-Turkish War]].
*1919–22 – [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greco-Turkish War]] and [[Turkish War of Independence]].
*1920 – [[Treaty of Sèvres]] (peace treaty following the end of WWI).
*1920–22 – [[Operation Nemesis]].
*1920 – [[Turkish–Armenian War]].
*1921 – [[Cilicia Peace Treaty]], [[Treaty of Moscow (1921)|Treaty of Moscow]], [[Treaty of Kars]] and [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]].
*1922 – [[Armistice of Mudanya]] and [[Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate]].
*1923 – [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey]], [[Treaty of Lausanne]] and [[Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey]].
*1924 – [[Abolition of the Caliphate]].