Editing Entheogen (section)

=== Oceania ===
In general, [[indigenous Australians]] are thought not to have used entheogens, although there is a strong barrier of secrecy surrounding Aboriginal shamanism, which has likely limited what has been told to outsiders.

[[File:Kava.JPG|thumb|left|A sign showing a "Kava licence area" at [[Yirrkala]], in the [[Northern Territory]] of Australia]]
[[Kava]] or ''kava kava'' (''Piper Methysticum'') has been cultivated for at least 3,000 years by a number of Pacific island-dwelling peoples. Historically, most [[Polynesian culture|Polynesian]], many [[Melanesia]]n, and some Micronesian cultures have ingested the psychoactive pulverized root, typically taking it mixed with water.  In these traditions, taking kava is believed to facilitate contact with the spirits of the dead, especially relatives and ancestors.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Singh|editor-first=Yadhu N.|title=Kava from ethnology to pharmacology|year=2004|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=1420023373}}</ref>

There are no known uses of entheogens by the [[Māori people|Māori]] of New Zealand aside from a variant species of kava,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=67 |title=Macropiper Excelsum - Maori Kava |publisher=Entheology.org |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref> although some modern scholars have claimed that there may be evidence of psilocybin mushroom use.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/magic_mushrooms_aunz/magic_mushrooms_aunz5.shtml.|title=Psilocybian mushrooms in New Zealand |publisher=Erowid.org}}</ref> Natives of [[Papua New Guinea]] are known to use several species of entheogenic mushrooms (''Psilocybe'' spp, ''Boletus manicus'').<ref name="ref2">{{cite web |url=http://www.shaman-australis.com/~benjamin-thomas/ |title=Benjamin Thomas Ethnobotany & Anthropology Research Page |publisher=Shaman-australis.com |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref>

[[Pituri]], also known as mingkulpa,<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.22605/RRH4044 | title=The Pituri Learning Circle: Central Australian Aboriginal women's knowledge and practices around the use of Nicotiana SPP. As a chewing tobacco | year=2017 | last1=Ratsch | first1=Angela | last2=Mason | first2=Andrea | last3=Rive | first3=Linda | last4=Bogossian | first4=Fiona | last5=Steadman | first5=Kathryn | journal=Rural and Remote Health | volume=17 | issue=3 | page=4044 | pmid=28780876 | doi-access=free }}</ref> is a mixture of leaves and wood ash traditionally chewed as a [[stimulant]] (or, after [[Drug titration|extended use]], a [[depressant]]) by [[Australian Aboriginal|Aboriginal Australians]] widely across the continent. Leaves are gathered from any of several species of native tobacco (''[[Nicotiana]]'') or from at least one distinct population of the species ''[[Duboisia hopwoodii]]''. Various species of ''[[Acacia]]'', ''[[Grevillea]]'' and ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' are burned to produce the ash. The term "pituri" may also refer to the plants from which the leaves are gathered or from which the ash is made.<ref name=Ratsch>{{Cite journal|title = The pituri story: a review of the historical literature surrounding traditional Australian Aboriginal use of nicotine in Central Australia.|last1 = Ratsch|first1 = A|date = 2010|journal = Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|doi = 10.1186/1746-4269-6-26|pmid = 20831827|last2 = Steadman|first2 = KJ|first3 = F|last3 = Bogossian|pmc=2944156|volume=6|pages=26 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Some authors use the term to refer only to the plant ''Duboisia hopwoodii'' and its leaves and any chewing mixture containing its leaves.<ref name=Silcock>Silcock JL, Tischler M, Smith MA. [http://journals.sfu.ca/era/index.php/era/article/viewFile/589/381 "Quantifying the Mulligan River Pituri, ''Duboisia hopwoodii'' ((F.Muell.) F.Muell.) (Solanaceae), Trade of Central Australia."] ''Ethnobotany Research & Applications''. 2012; 10:037-044. Retrieved 30 April 2015.</ref>