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=== Pleasure, emotion and mood === [[Pleasure]] refers to experience that feels good.<ref name="Pallies">{{cite journal |last1=Pallies |first1=Daniel |title=An Honest Look at Hybrid Theories of Pleasure |journal=Philosophical Studies |date=2021 |volume=178 |issue=3 |pages=887β907 |doi=10.1007/s11098-020-01464-5 |issn=0031-8116 |s2cid=219440957 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/PALAHL}}</ref><ref name="Lopez">{{cite book |last1=Lopez |first1=Shane J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/LOPTEO-2 |chapter=Pleasure|year=2009 }}</ref> It involves the enjoyment of something, like eating a cake or having sex. When understood in the widest sense, this includes not just sensory pleasures but any form of pleasant experience, such as engaging in an intellectually satisfying activity or the joy of playing a game. Pleasure comes in degrees and exists in a dimension that includes negative degrees as well. These negative degrees are usually referred to as pain and suffering and stand in contrast to pleasure as forms of feeling bad.<ref name="Katz">{{cite web |last1=Katz |first1=Leonard D. |title=Pleasure |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pleasure/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=29 January 2021 |date=2016}}</ref> Discussions of this dimension often focus on its positive side but many of the theories and insights apply equally to its negative side. There is disagreement among philosophers and psychologists concerning what the nature of pleasure is. Some understand pleasure as a simple sensation. On this view, a pleasure experience is an experience that has a pleasure-sensation among its contents.<ref name="BorchertPleasure">{{cite book |last1=Borchert |first1=Donald |title=Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition |date=2006 |publisher=Macmillan |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/BORMEO |chapter=Pleasure}}</ref><ref name="Tomlinson"/> This account is rejected by attitude theories, which hold that pleasure consists not in a content but in a certain attitude towards a content. According to this perspective, the pleasure of eating a cake consists not in a taste sensation together with a pleasure sensation, as sensation-theorists claim. Instead, it consists in having a certain attitude, like desire, towards the taste sensation.<ref name="BorchertPleasure"/><ref name="Katz"/><ref name="Tomlinson"/> A third type of theory defines pleasure in terms of its representational properties. On this view, an experience is pleasurable if it presents its objects as being good for the experiencer.<ref name="Tomlinson">{{cite book |last1=Tomlinson |first1=Lucy |title=Pleasure Three Ways: Phenomenological, Attitudinal, Representational |date=2019 |publisher=University of Manchester |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/184626773/FULL_TEXT.PDF |language=en |chapter=0. Introduction: Problems of Pleasure and Contemporary Theories of Pleasure}}</ref> [[Emotion]]al experiences come in many forms, like fear, anger, excitement, surprise, grief or disgust.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Gregory |title=Theories of Emotion |url=https://iep.utm.edu/emotion/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> They usually include either ''pleasurable or unpleasurable aspects''.<ref name="Scarantino">{{cite web |last1=Scarantino |first1=Andrea |last2=de Sousa |first2=Ronald |title=Emotion: 2. Three Traditions in the Study of Emotions: Emotions as Feelings, Evaluations, and Motivations |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/#ThreTradStudEmotEmotFeelEvalMoti |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=4 October 2021 |date=2021}}</ref><ref name="Scherer"/> But they normally involve various other components as well, which are not present in every experience of pleasure or pain. It is often held that they also comprise ''evaluative components'', which ascribe a positive or negative value to their object, ''physiological components'', which involve bodily changes, and ''behavioral components'' in the form of a reaction to the presented object.<ref name="Scarantino"/><ref name="Scherer">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scherer KR |s2cid=145575751 |title=What are emotions? And how can they be measured? |journal=Social Science Information |year=2005 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=693β727 |doi=10.1177/0539018405058216}}</ref> For example, suddenly encountering a grizzly bear while hiking may evoke an emotional experience of fear in the hiker, which is experienced as unpleasant, which represents the bear as dangerous, which leads to an increase in the heart rate and which may provoke a fleeing reaction.<ref name="Scarantino"/> These and other types of components are often used to categorize emotions into different types. But there is disagreement concerning which of them is the essential component determining the relevant category. The dominant approaches categorize according to how the emotion feels, how it evaluates its object or what behavior it motivates.<ref name="Scarantino"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Scarantino |first1=Andrea |title=Handbook of Emotions |date=2018 |edition=4th |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxhbmRyZWFzY2FyYW50aW5vc3dlYnNpdGV8Z3g6NzNkYWVhNTMwODg1M2ZhNg |chapter=The Philosophy of Emotions and Its Impact on Affective Science}}</ref> While the experience of positive emotions is, to some extent, its own justification, and it is by these experiences or the desire for them that individuals tend to be motivated, the experience of [[negative emotion]]s is sometimes claimed to cause personal growth; and, hence, to be either necessary for, or at least beneficial in, creating more productive and resilient people<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Courtney |date=27 April 2019 |title=What are Positive and Negative Emotions and Do We Need Both? |url=https://positivepsychology.com/positive-negative-emotions/#:~:text=Positive%20emotions%20are%20emotions%20that,pleasant%20or%20desirable%20situational%20responses%E2%80%A6 |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>βthough the necessity of resilience in the first place, or of negative experiences ''in re'' growth, has been questioned by others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hedonist Imperative {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/44325836 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Mood (psychology)|Mood]]s are closely related to emotions, but not identical to them. Like emotions, they can usually be categorized as either positive or negative depending on how it feels to have them.<ref name="Robinson">{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Jorgianne Civey |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences: Mood |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/mood |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> One core difference is that emotional experiences usually have a very specific object, like the fear of a bear. Mood experiences, on the other hand, often either have no object or their object is rather diffuse, like when a person is anxious that ''something bad'' might happen without being able to clearly articulate the source of their anxiety.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scarantino |first1=Andrea |last2=de Sousa |first2=Ronald |title=Emotion: 4. Emotions and Intentional Objects |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/#EmotInteObje |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=5 October 2021 |date=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siemer |first1=Matthias |title=Mood Experience: Implications of a Dispositional Theory of Moods |journal=Emotion Review |date=2009 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=256β263 |doi=10.1177/1754073909103594 |s2cid=145737449 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SIEMEI|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=William |title=Intentionality: Past and Future (Value Inquiry Book Series, Volume 173) |date=2005 |publisher=Rodopi NY |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/FISEM |chapter=Emotions, Moods, and Intentionality}}</ref> Other differences include that emotions tend to be caused by specific events, whereas moods often lack a clearly identifiable cause, and that emotions are usually intensive, whereas moods tend to last longer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lane |first1=Andrew M. |last2=Beedie |first2=Christopher |last3=Terry |first3=Peter C. |title=Distinctions Between Emotion and Mood |journal=Cognition and Emotion |date=2005 |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=847β878 |doi=10.1080/02699930541000057 |hdl=2436/12841 |s2cid=18437088 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/LANDBE|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Examples of moods include anxiety, depression, euphoria, irritability, melancholy and giddiness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kriegel |first1=Uriah |title=The Intentional Structure of Moods |journal=Philosophers' Imprint |date=2019 |volume=19 |pages=1β19 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/KRITIS-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gallegos |first1=Francisco |title=Moods Are Not Colored Lenses: Perceptualism and the Phenomenology of Moods |journal=Philosophia |date=2017 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=1497β1513 |doi=10.1007/s11406-017-9820-5 |s2cid=151524606 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/GALMAN-2}}</ref>
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