Editing Fire engine (section)

=={{anchor|Horse-drawn}}History==
[[File:Feuerwehrmuseum-Kübelspritze.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|One of the simplest forms of ''hand tub'' type fire engines, engraving from the mid 17th century in Germany]]An early device used to squirt water onto a fire was known as a ''squirt'' or ''fire syringe''. Hand squirts and hand pumps are noted before [[Ctesibius of Alexandria]] invented the first fire pump around the 2nd century B.C.,<ref>Young, Charles Frederick T.. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gjoDAAAAQAAJ Fires, fire engines, and fire brigades: with a history of manual and steam fire engines, their construction, use, and management; remarks on fire-proof buildings ... statistics of the fire appliances in English towns; foreign fire systems; hints for the f]''. London: Lockwood & Co., 1866. 335. Print.]</ref> and an example of a force-pump possibly used for a fire-engine is mentioned by [[Heron of Alexandria]].
[[File:Löschmaschine Hans Hautsch 1650.jpg|thumb|Fire engine invented by Hans Hautsch]]

In 1650, [[Hans Hautsch]] built a fire engine with a compressed air vessel. On each side 14 men worked a piston rod back and forth in a horizontal direction. The air vessel, a type of pressure tank, issued an even stream despite the backward motion of the piston. This was made possible by a rotating pipe mounted on the hose which allowed the jet to reach heights up to {{cvt|20|m|ft|1}}. Caspar Schott observed Hautsch's fire engine in 1655 and wrote an account of it in his ''Magia Universalis.''<ref>W. Hornung: Die Entwicklung der Feuerlöschpumpe vom ausgehenden Mittelalter bis zum 18. Jahrhundert. Eine technikgeschichtliche Betrachtung (3. Part). (Archive from 13. January 2015) In: VFDB-Zeitschrift. Nr. 4, 1960, S. 133–141.</ref>

Colonial laws in America required each house to have a bucket of water on the front stoop in preparation for fires at night. These buckets were intended for use by the initial [[bucket brigade]] that would supply the water at fires. [[Philadelphia]] obtained a hand-pumped fire engine in 1719, years after [[Boston]]'s 1654 model appeared there, made by [[Joseph Jenckes Sr.]], but before New York's two engines arrived from London.

By 1730, [[Richard Newsham]], in London, had made successful fire engines. He also invented those first used in [[New York City]] in 1731 where the amount of manpower and skill necessary for firefighting prompted [[Benjamin Franklin]] to found an organized fire company in 1737. [[Thomas Lote (inventor)|Thomas Lote]] built the first fire engine made in America in 1743. These earliest engines are called ''hand tubs'' because they are manually (hand) powered and the water was supplied by a bucket brigade dumping it into a tub (cistern) where the pump had a permanent intake pipe.

An important advancement around 1822 was the invention of an engine which could draft water from a water source. This rendered the bucket brigade obsolete. In 1822, a Philadelphia-based manufacturing company called ''Sellers and Pennock'' made a model called "The Hydraulion". It is said to be the first suction engine.<ref>Rorer, Beverly, and Barbara Marinelli. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KeSDR86o4EEC Images of America: Upper Darby]''. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub., 2011. 112. Print.</ref> Some models had the hard, suction hose fixed to the intake and curled up over the apparatus known as a squirrel tail engine.

[[File:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall.png|thumb|left|Fire engine, Philadelphia, 1838, trying to save adjacent building. One firefighter (with helmet) directs the water; three to his left are manning the pump. Hand-colored. To the right of the engine is a hose truck.]]
[[File:Edinburgh fire engine, 1824.JPG|thumb|Manually drawn fire pump in service in [[Edinburgh]] in 1824]]
[[File:Brockhampton Estate - horse-drawn fire pump.jpg|thumb|Horse-drawn fire pump given to [[Brockhampton Estate]] in 1818]]
The earliest engines were small and were either carried by four men, or mounted on skids and dragged to a fire. As the engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines.<ref>[https://www.bostonfiremuseum.com/PhotoPages/Web_Fitzgerald/Fire%20Chiefs/slides/Amoskeag%20first%20self-propelled%20Steam%20Fire%20Engine.html Manchester Locomotive Works first self-propelled Amoskeag Steam Fire Engine. Sold to Boston Fire department after use at Great Boston Fire of 1872] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919000429/http://www.bostonfiremuseum.com/PhotoPages/Web_Fitzgerald/Fire%20Chiefs/slides/Amoskeag%20first%20self-propelled%20Steam%20Fire%20Engine.html |date=19 September 2015 }} ''www.bostonfiremuseum.com'', accessed 6 August 2020</ref>
[[File:Antique Japanese Fire pump.jpg|thumb|Antique Japanese fire pump]]
Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents. The first self-propelled [[steam pumper]] fire engine was built in New York in 1841. Unfortunately for the manufacturers, some firefighters sabotaged the device and its use of the first engine was discontinued. However, the need and the utility of power equipment ensured the success of the steam pumper well into the twentieth century. Many cities and towns around the world bought the steam fire engines.

Motorised fire engines date back to January 1897, when the Prefect of Police in [[Paris]] applied for funds to purchase "a machine worked by petroleum for the traction of a fire-engine, ladders, and so forth and for the conveyance of the necessary staff of pompiers".<ref>Notes of the Month, The Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal, January 1897, p143</ref> With great prescience the report states "If the experiment prove successful, as is anticipated, horses will eventually be entirely replaced by automobiles". This was, indeed, the case and motorised fire engines became commonplace by the early 20th century. By 1905, the idea of combining gas engine motor trucks into fire engines was attracting great attention; according to a ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' article in that year,<ref name="PopMech1905v7n2p202">{{Citation |author=Editorial staff |date=February 1905 |title=Motor fire engines popular in England |journal=Popular Mechanics |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wd4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA202 |postscript=.}}</ref> such trucks were rapidly gaining popularity in England. That same year, the [[Knox Automobile Company]] of [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], began selling what some<ref name="Arcadia_on_Knox_Auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=9780738504995&Store_Code=arcadia&search=MA&offset=100&filter_cat=&PowerSearch_Begin_Only=&sort=&range_low=&range_high=%20%26srch_state%3D1 |title=Books about Knox Automobile Company—Historical Photos & Images of Knox Automobile Company |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |access-date=24 October 2011 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001013914/http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=9780738504995&Store_Code=arcadia&search=MA&offset=100&filter_cat=&PowerSearch_Begin_Only=&sort=&range_low=&range_high=%20&srch_state=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> have described as the world's first modern fire engine. A year later, the city of Springfield, Illinois, had filled their fire department with Knox engines. Another early motorized fire engine was developed by [[Peter Pirsch and Sons]] of [[Kenosha, Wisconsin]].<ref name=enc>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The American Peoples Encyclopedia Yearbook: Events and Personalities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ud8PAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Spencer Press |page=77 |date=1955 }}</ref>

For many years firefighters sat on the sides of the fire engines, or even stood on the rear of the vehicles, exposed to the elements. This arrangement was uncomfortable and dangerous (some firefighters were thrown to their deaths when their fire engines made sharp turns on the road), and today nearly all fire engines have fully enclosed seating areas for their crews.

===Hook and ladder===
[[File:Zephyr quick step as performed by the independent blues band LCCN2003656623.jpg|thumb|left|A hook-and-ladder of the Pioneer, Hook and Lader Co.]]
The "hook and ladder" was an early type of fire units known since late 1700s. It was a horse-drawn carriage which brought ladders and hooks to the fire place. Ladders were used for access to upper floors and the roof. "Hooks" were [[pike pole]]s used for pulling down and apart the burning construction.<ref> Larry Shapiro, "Hook and Ladders", [https://books.google.com/books?id=sG1_lIHoVFQC&pg=PA44 p.44]</ref>

===Early pumpers===
[[File:Fire truck and firemen, NSW Brigade headquarters 1941.jpg|thumb|A fire engine in [[Sydney]], Australia in 1941]]
Early pumpers used cisterns as a source of water. Water was later put into wooden pipes under the streets and a "fire plug" was pulled out of the top of the pipe when a suction hose was to be inserted. Later systems incorporated pressurized [[fire hydrant]]s, where the pressure was increased when a fire alarm was sounded. This was found to be harmful to the system and unreliable. Today's valved hydrant systems are kept under pressure at all times, although additional pressure may be added when needed. Pressurized hydrants eliminate much of the work in obtaining water for pumping through the engine and into the attack hoses. Many rural fire engines still rely upon cisterns or other sources for drafting water into the pumps. [[Steam pumper]] came in to use in the 1850s.

===Early aerials===
In the late 19th century, means of reaching tall structures were devised. At first, manually extendable ladders were used; as these grew in length (and weight), they were put onto two large wheels. When carried by fire engines these ''wheeled escape ladders'' had the wheels suspended behind the rear of the vehicle, making them a distinctive sight. Before long, ''turntable ladders''—which were even longer, mechanically extendable, and installed directly onto fire trucks—made their appearances.

After [[World War II]], turntable ladders were supplemented by the [[aerial work platform]] (sometimes called "cherry picker"), a platform or bucket attached onto a mechanically bending arm (or "snorkel") installed onto a fire truck. While these could not reach the height of similar turntable ladders, the platforms could extend into previously unreachable "dead corners" of a burning building. 

===Modern===
[[File:Hendiadyoin.jpg|thumb|Aftermath of [[water cannon]] being used on protestors]]
During the 20th century motorized [[pump]]s began replacing gasoline pumps, water pumps also became standard. [[Racing suit]]s were also added to firetrucks, which allowed for more individuals to be saved from fires. [[Radio]] allowed for information to be relayed easier between a firetruck and a [[fire department]], useful for coordinating to fires.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|title=Modernization of Fire Vehicles with New Technologies and Chemicals|first1=Cagri|last1=Un|first2=Kadir|last2=Aydın|date=14 June 2023|journal=Vehicles|volume=5|issue=2|pages=682–697|doi=10.3390/vehicles5020037|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Firetrucks with use of [[water cannon]]s have been at time used to disperse protestors, particularly in [[authoritarian]] countries. During the [[civil rights movement]] in the US,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lethalindisguise.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/LID2-Water-Cannons.pdf|title=How Crowd-Control Weapons Impact Health and Human Rights - Water Cannons|website=ethalindisguise.org}}</ref> firetrucks were often used against protests in the South. The use of high pressure water against protestors can lead to severe [[bruising]], [[internal bleeding]], [[hypothermia]] and [[End organ damage|organ damage]]. The use of water hosing protestors is often considered cruel and violating an individuals [[civil rights]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phr.org/our-work/resources/health-impacts-of-crowd-control-weapons-water-cannons/|title=Health Impacts of Crowd-Control Weapons: Water Cannons}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lethalindisguise.org/crowd-control-weapons/water-cannons/|title=Lethal in Disguise - Water Cannons}}</ref>

[[File:Nusa-Dua Bali Indonesia ISUZU-Fire-appliance-02.jpg|thumb|Modern designed firetruck]]
Modern firetrucks are designed to aide in various [[humanitarian]] tasks, firetrucks are regularly used as [[ambulance]]s to transport people in case of [[medical emergencies]]. They are also used during extreme [[natural disaster]] and are used for delivering necessities to people. Modern firetrucks are generally made out of high grade material such as [[stainless steel]], [[polypropylene]] and sometimes [[carbon fibre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firehouse.com/apparatus/components/article/21084309/when-it-comes-to-fire-apparatus-body-materials-there-are-choices|title=With Apparatus Body Materials, There Are Choices|date=21 June 2019|website=Firehouse}}</ref> Most firetrucks house materials for medical treatment, and fire [[burn]]s. Firetrucks designed to fight [[forest fires]] often have [[thermal camera]]s and use water [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]].<ref name="auto"/>