Editing Five Power Defence Arrangements (section)

==Exercises==
[[File:Exercise Bersama Lima 18 PHOTEX 1.jpg|thumb|18 FPDA warships in formation for Exercise Bersama Lima 18 in 2018.]]
[[File:HMS Argyll firing 4.5 gun.jpg|thumb|[[HMS Argyll (F231)|HMS ''Argyll'']] firing her 4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun during Exercise Bersama Lima in 2018.]]
[[File:Ex BERSAMA LIMA 2019 m358.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Air Force|RAF]] [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon]] aircraft on Exercise Bersama Lima 2019 at [[RMAF Butterworth Air Base|RMAF Butterworth]].]]
Since its formation, the FPDA has conducted multilateral [[military exercise]]s involving all five member states with operational command alternating between Singapore and Malaysia.<ref name="cambridge">{{cite book |title=4 - The Five Power Defence Arrangements Exercises, 2004–10 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/five-power-defence-arrangements-at-forty/five-power-defence-arrangements-exercises-200410/0535B315685B07D639383C6A34E7DE83 |via=Cambridge.org |isbn=9789814345408 |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> These began as intermittent Air Defence Exercises (ADEX) in the 1970s before land and sea components were added in the 1980s.<ref name="at40"/><ref name="cambridge"/><ref name="exercises"/> They have since become yearly fixtures and have grown in complexity, combining air, sea and land components to address both conventional and non-conventional threats. Whilst most exercises take place off the coast of Malaysia and Singapore, they have also extended into the [[South China Sea]].<ref name="at40"/><ref name="exercises">{{cite news |title=Five Power Defense Arrangements in the Spotlight with Military Exercise |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/five-power-defense-arrangements-in-the-spotlight-with-military-exercise/ |access-date=4 September 2020 |agency=The Diplomat |date=12 October 2017}}</ref> Non-FPDA representatives are often invited to observe the drills.<ref name="exercises"/>

FPDA exercises focus on the external defence of Malaysia and Singapore, and high-end conventional warfighting serials. Over a five-year cycle, the FPDA conducts a variety of field training exercises (FTX) and command post exercises (CPX).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fivepowerdefencearrangements.org/exercises | title=FPDA Exercises }}</ref>

Examples of FPDA exercises include:
* Exercise Bersatu Lima – The first major exercise held in 1972.<ref name="kokoda"/>

* Exercise Platypus – The first land-based FPDA exercise which was held in Australia in 1981.<ref name="cambridge"/><ref name="kokoda"/>

* Exercise Starfish – One of the first FPDA naval exercises, inaugurated in 1981. It has been replaced by Exercise Bersama Lima.<ref name="cambridge"/><ref name="kokoda"/>

* Exercise Flying Fish – The first combined air, sea and land exercise which was first held in 1997. With 39 warships and 160 combat aircraft, the inaugural exercise in 1997 was one of the largest to date and took place over 13 days.<ref name="flyingfish97">{{cite news |title=Navy joins major Asian exercise |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/navy-joins-major-asian-exercise-1267281.html |access-date=4 September 2020 |agency=Independent |date=15 April 1997}}</ref><ref name="at40">{{cite web |title=The Five Power Defence Arrangements at Forty (1971-2011) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236769568 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>

* Exercise Bersama Padu – The name of this exercise translates to "Together United" in Malay. The inaugural exercise in 2006 took place in Singapore and the [[South China Sea]] and consisted of 21 warships, 85 aircraft and 1 submarine as well as ground components. Operational planning took place at [[Paya Lebar Air Base]], Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |title=EXERCISE BERSAMA PADU 2006 |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20060907997.htm |website=National Archives of Singapore |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>

* Exercise Suman Warrior – A land-based exercise which originated in the 1990s and takes place in Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand Permanent Force Old Comrades Association |url=http://www.rnzaa.org.nz/sites/all/files/NL93085.compressed.pdf |website=RNZAA.org.nz |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand Official Yearbook 1998 |url=https://www3.stats.govt.nz/New_Zealand_Official_Yearbooks/1998/NZOYB_1998.html |website=Statistics New Zealand |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> SUMAN WARRIOR is an annual land-based CPX solely to exercise FPDA land forces up to Brigade level. This exercise is unique in that it is hosted by each of the five nations and is the only FPDA exercise to occur outside of Singapore and Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fivepowerdefencearrangements.org/exercises | title=FPDA Exercises }}</ref>

The name SUMAN is an acronym from the first letters of the five nations; the exercise has occurred since 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fivepowerdefencearrangements.org/exercises | title=FPDA Exercises }}</ref>

* Exercise Suman Protector – Inaugurated in 2007, it is held every five years as a culminating activity in the FPDA's exercise cycle.<ref name="exercises"/> SUMAN PROTECTOR occurs every 5 years and is the culminating activity in the exercise programme. Hosted by Malaysia or Singapore, it is a Tier 3 operational CPX designed to exercise an FPDA Combined and Joint Task Force headquarters to plan for and execute a military operation for the defence of Malaysia and Singapore against a conventional threat. Up to 400 personnel are involved at the headquarters, and the exercise also allows deeper engagement with other government agencies and non-governmental organisations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fivepowerdefencearrangements.org/exercises | title=FPDA Exercises }}</ref>

* Exercise Bersama Shield – Formerly the Integrated Air Defence System air defence exercise until 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANNUAL REPORT 2003-04 |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/AnnualReports/03-04/02_04_outcome1_6.htm |website=Australian Government Department of Defence |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> BERSAMA SHIELD is a tactical integration exercise for FPDA air and maritime forces at the tactical-level. Hosted by HQIADS, the exercise occurs annually in Malaysia and Singapore, and routinely involves over 50 aircraft, 3-6 ships and several ground-based air defence units. The exercise has been held annually since 2004, evolving from earlier FPDA exercise iterations such as STARDEX, FLYING FISH, and STARFISH.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fivepowerdefencearrangements.org/exercises | title=FPDA Exercises }}</ref>

* Exercise Bersama Lima – Translates to "Together Five" in Malay. These exercises were inaugurated in 2004 and have taken place on a yearly basis ever since.<ref name="kokoda">{{cite web |last1=Thayer |first1=Carlyle A. |title=The Five Power Defence Arrangements: The Quiet Achiever |url=https://kokodafoundation.wildapricot.org/Resources/Files/vol3no1Thayer.pdf |website=Kokoda Foundation |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722194040/https://kokodafoundation.wildapricot.org/Resources/Files/vol3no1Thayer.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> BERSAMA LIMA is a tactical-level exercise with an operational-level headquarters aimed at exercising FPDA combined and joint forces, including a land element. It is planned and led by the Malaysian Armed Forces or Singapore Armed Forces in alternate years. In addition to augmentation at the Combined and Joint HQ, BERSAMA LIMA routinely sees 60-80 aircraft, 10-15 ships, 1-2 submarines and a Land Component.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fivepowerdefencearrangements.org/exercises | title=FPDA Exercises }}</ref>

* Exercise Bersama Gold – A replacement of Exercise Bersama Lima to mark the FPDA's [[golden jubilee]] in October 2021.<ref name="bersamagold"/>