Editing Forced displacement (section)

== Conditions faced by displaced persons ==
[[File:Ursula (detention_center) 180617-H-BP911-641 (41979746295).jpg|thumb|Children of undocumented immigrants from Latin America to the United States detained in the Ursula Detention Center, [[McAllen, Texas]], June 2017]]
Displaced persons face adverse conditions when taking the decision to leave, traveling to a destination, and sometimes upon reaching their destination.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living Conditions of displaced persons and host communities in urban Goma, DRC|url=https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/living-conditions-of-displaced-persons-and-host-communities-in-urban-goma-drc.pdf|access-date=2022-01-03}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{Cite journal|last1=von Werthern|first1=M.|last2=Robjant|first2=K.|last3=Chui|first3=Z.|last4=Schon|first4=R.|last5=Ottisova|first5=L.|last6=Mason|first6=C.|last7=Katona|first7=C.|date=2018-12-06|title=The impact of immigration detention on mental health: a systematic review|journal=BMC Psychiatry|volume=18|issue=1|pages=382|doi=10.1186/s12888-018-1945-y|issn=1471-244X|pmc=6282296|pmid=30522460 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":112">{{Cite journal|last1=Hoschl|first1=C.|last2=Ruiz|first2=P.|last3=Casas|first3=M.|last4=Musalek|first4=M.|last5=Gaebel|first5=W.|last6=Vavrusova|first6=L.|date=2008-04-01|title=The impact of migration on mental health and mental illness|url=https://www.europsy-journal.com/article/S0924-9338(08)00160-0/abstract|journal=European Psychiatry|language=en|volume=23|pages=S42|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.154|s2cid=145557963|issn=0924-9338|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Displaced persons are often forced to place their lives at risk, travel in inhumane conditions, and may be exposed to exploitation and abuse. These risk factors may increase through the involvement of smugglers and human traffickers, who may exploit them for illegal activities such as drug/weapons trafficking, forced labor, or sex work. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security.<ref name="unhcr.org">{{Cite web |title=UNHCR Resettlement Handbook |url=http://www.unhcr.org/46f7c0ee2.pdf |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=www.unhcr.org}}</ref> Displaced persons may also seek the assistance of [[human smugglers]] (such as [[Coyote (person)|coyotes]] in Latin America) throughout their journey.<ref name=":132">https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/caught-in-the-middle/1-migrants-journeys/ "Migrants' Journeys – Increased Hardship and Incremental Human Rights Abuses: Caught in the Middle". Accessed November 15, 2019.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=October 2023}}<ref name=":142">{{Cite book|title=Global human smuggling : comparative perspectives|last1=Kyle |first1=David |last2=Koslowski |first2=Rey|date=2011|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0198-0|oclc=810545259}}</ref> Given the illegal nature of smuggling, smugglers may take use dangerous methods to reach their destination without capture, exposing displaced persons to harm and sometimes resulting in deaths.<ref name=":132"/> Examples include abandonment, exposure to exploitation, dangerous transportation conditions, and death from exposure to harsh environments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37163217|title=Austria's migrant disaster: Why did 71 die?|last1=Bell|first1=Bethany|date=2016-08-25|access-date=2019-11-21|last2=Thorpe|first2=Nick|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":142"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/11/migrants-abandoned-desert-smugglers-arizona-desert|title=Smugglers abandon more than 1,400 migrants in Arizona desert since August|agency=Associated Press|date=2018-10-12|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/world/europe/scores-die-in-shipwreck-off-sicily.html|title=Migrants Die as Burning Boat Capsizes Off Italy|last1=Yardley|first1=Jim|date=2013-10-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-21|last2=Povoledo|first2=Elisabetta|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In most instances of forced migration across borders, migrants do not possess the required documentation for legal travel. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security.<ref name="unhcr.org"/> As a result, displaced persons may face [[Detention (confinement)|detainment]] and [[Criminal justice|criminal punishment]], as well as physical and [[psychological trauma]]. Various studies focusing on migrant health have specifically linked migration to increased likelihood of depression, anxiety, and other psychological troubles.<ref name=":102"/><ref name=":112"/> For example, the United States has faced criticism for its recent policies regarding migrant detention, specifically the detention of children. Critics point to poor detention conditions, unstable contact with parents, and high potential for long-term trauma as reasons for seeking policy changes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/015702afdb4d4fbf85cf5070cd2c6824|title=US held record number of migrant children in custody in 2019|date=2019-11-12|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1041991|title=UN rights chief 'appalled' by US border detention conditions, says holding migrant children may violate international law|date=2019-07-08|website=UN News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> Displaced persons risk greater poverty than before displacement, financial vulnerability, and potential social disintegration, in addition to other risks related to human rights, culture, and quality of life.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Refugees and Forced Displacement: International Security, Human Vulnerability and the State|editor-last=Newman |editor-first=Edward |date=January 2005|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=9789280810868|oclc=697762571}}</ref> Forced displacement has varying impacts, dependent on the means through which one was forcibly displaced, their geographic location, their protected status, and their ability to personally recover. Under the most common form of displacement, armed conflict, individuals often lose possession of their assets upon fleeing and possible upon arrival to a new country, where they can also face cultural, social, and economic discontinuity.<ref name=":62" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fiala|first=Nathan|s2cid=1559276|date=2015-09-18|title=Economic Consequences of Forced Displacement|journal=The Journal of Development Studies|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1275–1293|doi=10.1080/00220388.2015.1046446|issn=0022-0388|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/290083/files/working_papers_3_1248973232.pdf}}</ref>