Editing Geocentric model (section)

==Religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism==
{{see also|Geocentric creationism}}The [[Ptolemaic model]] held sway into the early [[modern age]]; from the late 16th century onward it was gradually replaced as the consensus description by the [[heliocentric model]]. Geocentrism as a separate religious belief, however, never completely died out. In the [[United States]] between 1870 and 1920, for example, various members of the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] published articles disparaging [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican astronomy]] and promoting geocentrism.<ref name= "Babinski1995"/> However, in the 1902 ''Theological Quarterly'', A. L. Graebner observed that the synod had no doctrinal position on geocentrism, heliocentrism, or any scientific model, unless it were to contradict Scripture. He stated that any possible declarations of geocentrists within the synod did not set the position of the church body as a whole.<ref name= "Graebner1902"/>

Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early [[creation science]] newsletters.{{which|date=June 2023}} Contemporary advocates for such [[religious belief]]s include [[Robert Sungenis]] (author of the 2006 book ''Galileo Was Wrong'' and the 2014 pseudo-documentary film ''[[The Principle]]'').<ref name= "Sefton2006"/> Most contemporary [[creationist]] organizations reject such perspectives.{{refn|group=n|Donald B. DeYoung, for example, states that "Similar terminology is often used today when we speak of the sun's rising and setting, even though the earth, not the sun, is doing the moving. Bible writers used the 'language of appearance', just as people always have. Without it, the intended message would be awkward at best and probably not understood clearly. When the Bible touches on scientific subjects, it is entirely accurate."<ref>{{cite web |last= DeYoung |first= Donald B. |date= 1997-11-05 |title= Astronomy and the Bible: Selected questions and answers excerpted from the book |url=http://www.answersingenesis.org/Docs/399.asp |access-date= 2013-12-01 |publisher= Answers in Genesis}}</ref>}} A few [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] leaders maintain a geocentric model of the universe and an interpretation of [[Maimonides]] to the effect that he ruled that the Earth is orbited by the Sun.<ref name="Nussbaum2007"/><ref name= "Nussbaum2002"/> The [[Lubavitcher Rebbe]] also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the [[Galilean invariance|theory of relativity]].<ref name="SchneersohnGotfryd2003"/> While geocentrism is important in Maimonides' calendar calculations,<ref name= "Mishneh Torah"/> the great majority of Jewish religious scholars, who accept the divinity of the Bible and accept many of his rulings as legally binding, do not believe that the Bible or Maimonides command a belief in geocentrism.<ref name="Nussbaum2002" /><ref name= "Rabinowitz1987"/> There have been some modern Islamic scholars who promoted geocentrism. One of them was [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]], a [[Sunni]] scholar of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He rejected the heliocentric model and wrote a book<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alahazratnetwork.org/modules/booksofalahazrat/item.php?page=0&itemid=216|title=Fauz e Mubeen Dar Radd e Harkat e Zamin|access-date=2014-04-16|archive-date=2014-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192837/http://www.alahazratnetwork.org/modules/booksofalahazrat/item.php?page=0&itemid=216|url-status=dead}}</ref> that explains the movement of the sun, moon and other planets around the Earth.

According to a report released in 2014 by the [[National Science Foundation]], 26% of Americans surveyed believe that the Sun revolves around the Earth.<ref name="NSF2014" /> [[Morris Berman]] quotes a 2006 survey that show currently some 20% of the U.S. population believe that the Sun goes around the Earth (geocentricism) rather than the Earth goes around the Sun (heliocentricism), while a further 9% claimed not to know.<ref name= "Berman2006"/> Polls conducted by [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] in the 1990s found that 16% of Germans, 18% of Americans and 19% of Britons hold that the Sun revolves around the Earth.<ref name= "Crabtree1999"/> A study conducted in 2005 by [[Jon D. Miller]] of [[Northwestern University]], an expert in the public understanding of science and technology,<ref name= "MillerBio"/> found that about 20%, or one in five, of American adults believe that the Sun orbits the Earth.<ref name= "Dean2005"/> According to 2011 [[VTSIOM]] poll, 32% of [[Russians]] believe that the Sun orbits the Earth.<ref name= "RussianStudy2011"/>