Editing Hacktivism (section)

=== Culture jamming ===
Hacking has been sometime described as a form of [[culture jamming]].<ref name="JemielniakPrzegalinska20202">{{cite book|author1=Dariusz Jemielniak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ|title=Collaborative Society|author2=Aleksandra Przegalinska|date=18 February 2020|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-35645-9}}</ref>{{Rp|88}} This term refers to the practice of subverting and criticizing political messages as well as media culture with the aim of challenging the status quo. It is often targeted toward subliminal thought processes taking place in the viewers with the goal of raising awareness as well as causing a paradigm shift. Culture jamming takes many forms including [[billboard hacking]], [[broadcast signal intrusion]], ad hoc art performances, simulated legal transgressions,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Steinberg|first=Monica|date=2021-07-03|title=Coercive Disobedience: Art and Simulated Transgression|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.2021.1920288|journal=Art Journal|volume=80|issue=3|pages=78–99|doi=10.1080/00043249.2021.1920288|s2cid=237576098 |issn=0004-3249|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[meme]]s, and [[artivism]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leng|first=Kirsten|date=2020|title=Art, Humor, and Activism: The Sardonic, Sustaining Feminism of the Guerrilla Girls, 1985–2000|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2474480405|journal=Journal of Women's History|volume=32|issue=4|pages=110–134|doi=10.1353/jowh.2020.0042|s2cid=234960403|id={{ProQuest|2474480405}}|via=ProQuest|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The term "culture jamming" was first coined in 1984 by American musician [[Don Joyce (musician)|Donald Joyce]] of the band [[Negativland]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carducci|first=Vince|title=Culture Jamming|journal=Journal of Consumer Culture|year=2006|volume=6|issue=1|pages=116–138|doi=10.1177/1469540506062722|s2cid=145164048}}</ref> However, some speculation remains as to when the practice of culture jamming first began. Social researcher [[Vince Carducci]] believes culture jamming can be traced back to the 1950s with European social activist group [[Situationist International]]. Author and cultural critic [[Mark Dery]] believes medieval carnival is the earliest form of culture jamming as a way to subvert the social hierarchy at the time.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Culture jamming is sometimes confused with acts of vandalism. However, unlike culture jamming, the main goal of vandalism is to cause destruction with any political themes being of lesser importance. Artivism usually has the most questionable nature as a form of culture jamming because defacement of property is usually involved.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}