Editing Harm reduction (section)

====Stimulants====
[[File:Drugs warning Amsterdam November-2014(3).JPG|thumb|Warning sign in Amsterdam after [[2014 Amsterdam drug deaths|3 tourists died]] after taking white heroin that was sold as cocaine]]

The [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] states, "While medical models of treatment for individuals with alcohol or opioid use disorders are well accepted and implemented worldwide, in most countries there is no parallel, long-term medical model of treatment for individuals with stimulant use disorders."<ref>{{Cite web |title=TREATMENT OF STIMULANT USE DISORDERS: CURRENT PRACTICES AND PROMISING PERSPECTIVES |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/drug-prevention-and-treatment/Treatment_of_PSUD_for_website_24.05.19.pdf}}</ref> The neglect of stimulant-users has been widely considered to be related to the popularity of stimulants among systemically-oppressed groups, such as methamphetamine use among gay men and transgender people, and crack cocaine use among Black people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mangia |first=Jim |date=22 January 2020 |title=Opinion {{!}} Gay Men Are Dying From a Crisis We're Not Talking About |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/opinion/gay-meth-addiction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210184633/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/opinion/gay-meth-addiction.html |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Urell |first=Aaryn |date=9 December 2019 |title=Crack vs. Heroine Project: Racial Double Standard in Drug Laws Persists Today |url=https://eji.org/news/racial-double-standard-in-drug-laws-persists-today/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210093745/https://eji.org/news/racial-double-standard-in-drug-laws-persists-today/ |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=Equal Justice Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[crack epidemic in the United States]] demonstrates a discrepancy between sentencing lengths of crack cocaine and heroin users, with crack users imprisoned for longer periods of time than heroin users. In 2012, 88% of imprisonments from crack cocaine were of African American people.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/dofp12.pdf |title=Drug offenders in federal prison: Estimates of characteristics based on linked data |last1=Taxy |first1=S |last2=Samuels |first2=J |date=October 2015 |publisher=US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics |place=Washington, DC |last3=Adams |first3=W}}</ref>

Stimulant users have increasingly been at risk for opioid overdose since 2006, due to the nonconsensual presence of fentanyl in their substances.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) |date=July 2008 |title=Nonpharmaceutical fentanyl-related deaths – multiple states, April 2005 – March 2007 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5729.pdf |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=57 |issue=29 |pages=793–796 |pmid=18650786 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202101157/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5729.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>

=====Tobacco=====
{{Main|Tobacco harm reduction}}
Tobacco harm reduction describes actions taken to lower the health risks associated with using tobacco, especially combustible forms, without abstaining completely from tobacco and nicotine. Some of these measures include switching to safer (lower tar) cigarettes, switching to [[snus]] or [[dipping tobacco]], or using a non-tobacco nicotine delivery systems. In recent years, the growing use of [[electronic cigarette]]s (or vaping) for [[smoking cessation]], whose long-term safety remains uncertain, has sparked an ongoing controversy among medical and public health between those who seek to restrict and discourage all use until more is known and those who see them as a useful approach for harm reduction, whose risks are most unlikely to equal those of smoking tobacco.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Farsalinos |first1=Konstantinos |last2=LeHouezec |first2=Jacques |date=September 2015 |title=Regulation in the face of uncertainty: the evidence on electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarettes) |journal=Risk Management and Healthcare Policy |volume=8 |pages=157–167 |doi=10.2147/RMHP.S62116 |pmc=4598199 |pmid=26457058 |doi-access=free}}</ref> "Their usefulness in tobacco harm reduction as a substitute for [[tobacco products]] is unclear",<ref name="Drummond2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Drummond |first1=M. Bradley |last2=Upson |first2=Dona |date=February 2014 |title=Electronic Cigarettes. Potential Harms and Benefits |journal=Annals of the American Thoracic Society |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=236–242 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201311-391FR |pmc=5469426 |pmid=24575993}}</ref> but in an effort to [[tobacco control movement|decrease tobacco related death and disease]], they have a potential to be part of the strategy.<ref name="Cahn2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Cahn |first1=Zachary |last2=Siegel |first2=Michael |date=February 2011 |title=Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: A step forward or a repeat of past mistakes? |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=16–31 |doi=10.1057/jphp.2010.41 |pmid=21150942 |doi-access=free}}</ref>