Editing History of broadcasting (section)

=== Germany ===
[[File:Ferdinand_Braun.jpg|100px|thumb|right|[[Ferdinand Braun]]]]
Ferdinand Braun's major contributions were the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in the generating part of the transmitter, and its separation from the radiating part (the antenna) by means of inductive coupling, and later on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes. Braun experimented at first at the University of Strasbourg. Braun had written extensively on wireless subjects and was well known through his many contributions to the Electrician and other scientific journals.<ref name=Wireless>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DEfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA709 "Dr. Braun, Famous German Scientist, Dead"], ''The Wireless Age'' (volume 5), June 1918,  pp. 709–10</ref> In 1899, he would apply for the patents, ''Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction coils'' and ''Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9LPmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA159 "Provisional Patents, 1899"], ''The Electrical Engineer'' (volume 23) February 3, 1899, p. 159.</ref> Braun invented the [[phased array]] antenna, which led to the development of [[radar]], [[smart antennas]], and [[MIMO]], in 1905<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Braun | title=Ferdinand Braun &#124; Nobel Prize, Telegraphy, Radio &#124; Britannica }}</ref> and shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Marconi "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1909/summary/ |publisher=[[NobelPrize.org]]|language=en|url-status=live|date=2023|access-date=31 July 2023|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230731180825/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1909/summary/}}</ref><!--[[User:Kvng/RTH]]-->
The first civilian radio broadcast in Germany was a Christmas concert on December 22, 1920.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=mdr.de|title=Vor 100 Jahren: Erste Radiosendung in Deutschland |url=https://www.mdr.de/zeitreise/hundert-jahre-radio-jubilaeum-geburtstag-100.html|access-date=2020-12-22|website=www.mdr.de|language=de}}</ref> While its reception was confirmed from all over Europe, reception in Germany was still a punishable offense, as a result of the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weihnachtskonzert für Schwarzhörer|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/weihnachtskonzert-fuer-schwarzhoerer.761.de.html?dram:article_id=114006|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Deutschlandfunk| date=22 December 2007 |language=de-DE}}</ref>

The first radio station in Germany went on the air in Berlin in late 1923, using the call letters "LP."<ref name="Now Numbers Many Millions 1923, p. 13"/> Before 1933, German radio broadcasting was conducted by 10 regional broadcasting monopolies, each of which had a government representative on its board. The Post Office provided overall supervision.  A listening fee of {{Reichsmark|2|link=yes}} per receiver paid most costs, and radio station frequencies were limited, which restricted the number of amateur radio operators. Immediately following Hitler's assumption of power in 1933, [[Joseph Goebbels]] became head of the Ministry for [[Propaganda]] and Public Enlightenment and took full control of regulating and overseeing broadcasting. Non-Nazis were removed from broadcasting and editorial positions, and Jews were fired from all positions.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Adelheid von Saldern|title=Volk and Heimat Culture in Radio Broadcasting during the Period of Transition from Weimar to Nazi Germany|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=76|issue=2|year=2004|pages=312–346|doi=10.1086/422932|s2cid=143001813}}</ref>

Germany was easily served by a number of European mediumwave stations, including the [[BBC]], but the Nazis made it illegal for Germans to listen to foreign broadcasts. During the war, German stations broadcast war propaganda and entertainment for German forces dispersed through Europe, as well as air raid alerts. There was heavy use of short wave for "Germany Calling" programmes directed at Britain and Allied forces around the world. Goebbels also set up numerous Nazi stations that pretended to be from the Allied world.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=9780300067095|first1=Horst J.P.|last1=Bergmeier|first2=Rainer E.|last2=Lotz |year=1997|title=Hitler's airwaves: the inside story of Nazi radio broadcasting and propaganda swing|publisher=Yale University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z0_EAAAQBAJ}}</ref>