Editing Hunting (section)

==National traditions==
===East Africa===
[[File:Samuel Baker chased by an elephant.jpg|thumb|Explorer and big game hunter [[Samuel Baker]] chased by an elephant, illustration from 1890]]
{{main|Safari}}
A safari, from a [[Swahili language|Swahili]] word meaning "journey, expedition,"<ref>{{Cite web |title=safari {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of safari by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/safari |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130033501/https://www.etymonline.com/word/safari |url-status=live }}</ref> especially in Africa, is defined as a journey to see or kill animals in their natural environment, most commonly in East Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2023 |title=Definition of "safari" |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/safari |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=Collins Dictionary |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220536/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/safari }}</ref> Safari as a distinctive way of hunting was popularized by the US author [[Ernest Hemingway]] and President [[Theodore Roosevelt]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brennan|first=Claire|date=2015-07-03|title="An Africa on your own front door step": the development of an Australian safari|journal=Journal of Australian Studies|volume=39|issue=3|pages=396–410|doi=10.1080/14443058.2015.1052833|s2cid=142998322|issn=1444-3058}}</ref> A safari may consist of a several-days—or even weeks-long journey, with [[camping]] in [[the bush]] or [[jungle]], while pursuing [[Game (food)|big game]]. Nowadays, it is often used to describe hunting tours through African wildlife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of SAFARI |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/safari |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028002145/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/safari |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hunters are usually tourists, accompanied by [[hunting license|licensed]] and highly [[Regulation|regulated]] professional hunters, local guides, [[Skinner (profession)|skinners]], and [[Porter (carrier)|porters]] in more difficult terrains.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} A special safari type is the solo-safari, where all the license acquiring, stalking, preparation, and outfitting is done by the hunter himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holland |first=Mary |date=31 January 2019 |title=Yes, A Solo Safari Is Possible |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/how-to-plan-a-solo-safari |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604144204/https://www.cntraveler.com/story/how-to-plan-a-solo-safari }}</ref>

===Indian subcontinent===
[[File:Weeks Edwin Departure For The Hunt.jpg|thumb|[[Edwin Lord Weeks|Weeks Edwin's]] painting ''Departure for the Hunt'', c. 1885]]
[[File:Hunting party mandalay1885.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1|A ''Shikar'' party in [[Mandalay]], [[Burma]], soon after the conclusion of the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] in 1886, when Burma was annexed to [[British India]]]]
During the [[Indian feudalism|feudal]] and [[colonial India|colonial]] times in [[British Raj|British India]], hunting or ''shikar'' was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous [[princely states]], as many [[maharaja]]s and [[nawab]]s, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of ''shikari''s ([[big-game hunting|big-game hunters]]), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the hunt, who might be styled ''mir-shikar''. Often, they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their [[traditional knowledge]] of the environment and hunting techniques. Big game, such as [[Bengal tigers]], might be hunted from the back of an [[Indian elephant]].

Regional [[Norm (sociology)|social norms]] are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few [[sect]]s, such as the [[Bishnoi]], lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the [[antelope]]. India's [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]] bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the [[Indian Forest Service|Chief Wildlife Warden]] may, if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, permit any person to hunt such an animal. In this case, the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property.<ref>{{cite web |author=Helplinelaw |url=http://www.helplinelaw.com/docs/wildlife/01.php |title=Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 |publisher=Helplinelaw.com |access-date=20 April 2012 |archive-date=22 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031222151616/http://www.helplinelaw.com/docs/wildlife/01.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The practice among the soldiers in British India during the 1770s of going out to hunt [[snipe]]s, a [[shorebird]] considered extremely challenging for hunters due to its alertness, camouflaging colour and erratic flight behavior, is believed to be the origin of the modern word for [[sniper]], as snipe-hunters needed to be stealthy in addition to having [[tracking (hunting)|tracking]] skills and [[marksmanship]].<ref name=":10">{{cite book|last=Pegler|first=Martin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56654780|title=Out of nowhere : a history of the military sniper|date=2004|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-854-5|location=Oxford|pages=16|oclc=56654780}}</ref><ref name="etymology">{{cite web|title=Snipe|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=snipe|access-date=8 April 2019|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704125526/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=snipe|url-status=live}}</ref> The term was used in the nineteenth century, and had become common usage by the [[First World War]].

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Snowden Slights, front view YORYM-S13.jpg|thumb|Snowden Slights with [[retriever]] and [[shotgun]] around 1910, 'the last of Yorkshire's [[Wildfowler]]s'<ref name=Blast>{{cite news|last1=Ratcliffe|first1=Roger|title=Blast from the past|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/local-stories/blast-from-the-past-1-2393138|access-date=17 March 2015|work=The Yorkshire Post|publisher=Johnston Publishing Ltd.|date=6 October 2006|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143449/http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/local-stories/blast-from-the-past-1-2393138|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Deer stalking|Fox hunting legislation}}
Unarmed [[fox hunting]] on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, "hunting" without qualification implies fox hunting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2023 |title=Hunting |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hunting |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=Cambridge Dictionary |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210013935/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hunting }}</ref> What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shooting {{!}} Animal Charity |url=https://www.league.org.uk/what-we-do/shooting/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.league.org.uk |language=en-gb |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527015259/https://www.league.org.uk/what-we-do/shooting/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or "stalking" (deer)<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Deer Stalking Code of Practice |url=https://basc.org.uk/codes-of-practice/deer-stalking/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=BASC |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419162207/https://basc.org.uk/codes-of-practice/deer-stalking/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in Britain. Fox hunting is a social activity for the upper classes, with roles strictly defined by wealth and status.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ward |first=Euan |date=2023-02-12 |title=The Fight Over Fox Hunting: A Cold War on England's Muddy Fields |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/12/world/europe/fox-hunting-warwickshire-england.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604144210/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/12/world/europe/fox-hunting-warwickshire-england.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Orendi |first=Dagmar |date=4 June 2023 |title=The Debate About Fox Hunting: A Social and Political Analysis |url=https://www.gbz.hu-berlin.de/ma-british-studies/distinguished-ma-theses/downloads/pdf/DagmarOrendi_MasterThesis.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=Humboldt Universität zu Berlin |pages=8–10 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811090521/https://www.gbz.hu-berlin.de/ma-british-studies/distinguished-ma-theses/downloads/pdf/DagmarOrendi_MasterThesis.pdf }}</ref> Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with [[hound]]s. Pairs of [[sighthound]]s (or long-dogs), such as [[greyhound]]s, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with [[scent hound]]s such as [[beagle]]s or harriers. Other sorts of [[foxhound]]s may also be used for hunting [[stag|stags (deer)]] or [[American mink|mink]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} [[Deer stalking]] with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth.<ref name=":4" />{{clear left}}

These forms of hunting have been controversial in the UK. [[Animal welfare]] supporters believe that hunting causes unnecessary suffering to foxes, horses, and hounds. Proponents argue that the activity is a historical tradition. Using dogs to chase wild mammals was [[fox hunting legislation|made illegal]] in February 2005 by the [[Hunting Act 2004]]; there were a number of exemptions (under which the activity may not be illegal) in the act for hunting with hounds, but no exemptions at all for hare-coursing.<ref name=":6" />

====Shooting traditions====
Game birds, especially [[pheasant]]s, are shot with shotguns for sport in the UK; the [[British Association for Shooting and Conservation]] says that over a million people per year participate in shooting, including game shooting, [[clay pigeon shooting]], and [[Shooting sports|target shooting]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://basc.org.uk/media-centre/basc-appeals/basc-youth-appeal |title=BASC site |access-date=3 April 2014 |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209030216/http://basc.org.uk/media-centre/basc-appeals/basc-youth-appeal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Shooting as practiced in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been [[factory farming|factory farmed]]. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, "[[beater (hunting)|beater]]s" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called "drives" /[[driven hunting]]. The open season for [[grouse]] in the UK begins on 12 August, the so-called [[Glorious Twelfth]]. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the [[Game Act 1831]] ([[1 & 2 Will. 4]]. c. 32).

A similar tradition, ''{{ill|ojeo|es|vertical-align=sup}}'', exists in Spain.

===United States===
{{Main|Hunting in the United States}}
[[File:Camp on Schoodic Lake, ME.jpg|thumb|right|Hunting camp with [[Field dressing deer|dressed deer]] at Schoodic Lake, [[Maine]], in 1905]]
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North American hunting pre-dates the United States by thousands of years and was an important part of many [[pre-Columbian]] Native American cultures. Native Americans retain some hunting rights and are exempt from some laws as part of Indian treaties and otherwise under [[federal law]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coggins |first1=George Cameron |last2=Modrcin |first2=William |date=1979 |title=Native American Indians and Federal Wildlife Law |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1228367 |journal=Stanford Law Review |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=375–423 |doi=10.2307/1228367 |jstor=1228367 |issn=0038-9765 |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913161626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1228367 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>—examples include [[eagle feather law]]s and exemptions in the [[Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972|Marine Mammal Protection Act]]. This is considered particularly important in [[Alaska Native|Alaskan native]] communities.

[[File:Hectors photos 109.JPG|thumb|A man target practicing for the hunting seasons]]
Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for [[big-game hunting]] often specify a minimum [[caliber]] or [[muzzle energy]] for [[firearm]]s. The use of [[rifle]]s is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high [[population density|population densities]] or limited [[Terrain|topographic relief]]. Regulations may also limit or ban the use of [[lead]] in [[ammunition]] because of environmental concerns. Specific seasons for [[Bow (weapon)|bow]] hunting or [[Muzzle-loader|muzzle-loading]] [[Black powder|black-powder]] guns are often established to limit competition with hunters using more effective [[weapons]].

Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight per cent of Americans supported legal hunting,<ref>[http://www.responsivemanagement.com/download/news/newsrls_09_06.pdf Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615231714/http://www.responsivemanagement.com/download/news/newsrls_09_06.pdf |date=15 June 2007 }} from a 2006 poll (813 people were polled) done by Responsive Management</ref> although relatively few Americans actually hunt. At the beginning of the 21st century, just six per cent of Americans hunted. [[Southern United States|Southerners]] in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five per cent, slightly below the national average, and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine per cent, these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states, where twelve per cent of [[Midwesterners]] hunted. Hunting in other areas of the country fell below the national average.<ref>National statistics from [[United States Department of the Interior|US Department of the Interior]], Fish and Wildlife Service and [[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|US Census Bureau]], 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife Associated Recreation, 27.</ref> Overall, in the 1996–2006 period, the number of hunters over the age of sixteen declined by ten per cent, a drop attributable to a number of factors including [[Habitat destruction|habitat loss]] and changes in recreation habits.<ref>Jackson, Patrick. [http://www.trailcamerareviews.net/number-hunters-dwindling/ ''Number of hunters is dwindling—Urbanization and cultural changes discourage newcomers to the sport''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722081508/http://www.trailcamerareviews.net/number-hunters-dwindling/ |date=22 July 2015 }}.</ref>

The principles of the [[fair chase]]<ref>Interpretations of the Fair Chase can be found on the web sites of various hunter's organizations, such as the [http://www.boone-crockett.org/huntingEthics/ethics_fairchase.asp?area=huntingEthics Boone and Crockett Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210081513/http://www.boone-crockett.org/huntingEthics/ethics_fairchase.asp?area=huntingEthics |date=10 December 2005 }} and [http://www.huntfairchase.com/ Hunt Fair Chase] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130125171130/http://www.huntfairchase.com/ |date=25 January 2013 }}.</ref> have been a part of the American hunting tradition for over one hundred years. The role of the hunter-conservationist, popularised by Theodore Roosevelt, and perpetuated by Roosevelt's formation of the [[Boone and Crockett Club]], has been central to the development of the modern fair chase tradition. ''Beyond Fair Chase: The Ethic and Tradition of Hunting'', a book by Jim Posewitz, describes fair chase:
<blockquote>
"Fundamental to ethical hunting is the idea of fair chase. This concept addresses the balance between the hunter and the hunted. It is a balance that allows hunters to occasionally succeed while animals generally avoid being taken."<ref>{{cite book |last= Posewitz |first= Jim |title= Beyond Fair Chase: The Ethic and Tradition of Hunting |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dkkmL8TuiMkC&pg=PA57 |date= 1 August 1994 |publisher= [[Globe Pequot Press]] |isbn= 978-1-56044-283-7 |page= 57 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
</blockquote>

When [[Internet hunting]] was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the [[National Rifle Association of America]] (NRA) explained, "The NRA has always maintained that fair chase, being in the field with your firearm or bow, is an important element of hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting."<ref name=HSUS-FactSheet>Humane Society Wildlife Abuse Campaign, [http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/internet_hunting/facts/internet_hunting_fact_sheet.html#.UzjiW61dW9Y Fact Sheet on Internet Hunting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722083944/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/internet_hunting/facts/internet_hunting_fact_sheet.html#.UzjiW61dW9Y |date=22 July 2015 }}</ref>

Animals such as [[blackbuck]], [[nilgai]], [[axis deer]], [[fallow deer]], [[zebra]]s, [[barasingha]], [[gazelle]] and many other exotic game species can now be found on [[game farm]]s and [[ranch]]es in [[Texas]], where they were introduced for sport hunting. These hunters can be found paying in excess of $10,000 to take trophy animals on these controlled ranches.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Wes |title=How Texas Hunting Went Exotic |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/travel/how-texas-hunting-went-exotic/ |website=texasmonthly.com |date=20 January 2021 |publisher=Texas Monthly |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414221006/https://www.texasmonthly.com/travel/how-texas-hunting-went-exotic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Russia===
{{Main|Hunting in Russia}}
The [[Russia]]n imperial hunts evolved from hunting traditions of early Russian rulers—[[Grand Prince]]s and [[Russian Czar|Tsars]]—under the influence of hunting customs of European royal courts. The imperial hunts were organised mainly in [[Petergof|Peterhof]], [[Tsarskoye Selo]], and [[Gatchina]].
[[File:StateLibQld 1 140043 Riders gather for a dingo drive at Durella Station in Morven, ca. 1936.jpg|thumb|Riders gather for a [[dingo]] drive in [[Morven, Queensland]], 1936.]]

===Australia===
{{Main|Hunting in Australia}}
Hunting in [[Australia]] has evolved around the hunting and eradication of various animals considered to be pests or [[invasive species]] .  All native animals are protected by law, and certain species such as [[kangaroo]]s and [[duck]]s can be hunted by [[hunting license|license]]d shooters but only under a special permit on [[public land]]s during [[hunting season|open season]]s.  The [[introduced species]] that are targeted include [[European rabbit]]s, [[red fox]]es, [[deer]] ([[sambar deer|sambar]], [[Indian hog deer|hog]], [[red deer|red]], [[European fallow deer|fallow]], [[chital]] and [[Javan rusa|rusa]]), [[feral cats in Australia|feral cat]]s, [[feral pig#Australia|pig]]s, [[feral goats in Australia|goat]]s, [[brumby|brumbies]], [[feral donkeys in Australia|donkey]]s and occasionally [[Australian feral camel|camel]]s, as well as introduced [[upland bird]]s such as [[quail]]s, [[pheasant]]s and [[partridge]]s.

===New Zealand===
{{Main|Hunting in New Zealand}}
New Zealand has a strong hunting culture.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/46606862|title=Hunting : a New Zealand history|last=Hunter|first=Kathryn M|date=2009|publisher=Auckland : Random House New Zealand|isbn=9781869791544|language=en|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801195119/https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/46606862|url-status=live}}</ref> When humans arrived, the only mammals present on the islands making up New Zealand were bats, although seals and other marine mammals were present along the coasts. However, when humans arrived they brought other species with them. Polynesian voyagers introduced kuri (dogs), kiore (Polynesian rats), as well as a range of plant species.  European explorers further added to New Zealand's biota, particularly pigs which were introduced by either Captain Cook or the French explorer De Surville in the 1700s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/9303|title=5. – Introduced animal pests – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Clarke|first1=C. M. H.|last2=Dzieciolowski|first2=R. M. |date=September 1991 |title=Feral pigs in the northern South Island, New Zealand: I. Origin, distribution, and density|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand|language=en|volume=21|issue=3|pages=237–247 |doi=10.1080/03036758.1991.10418181 |bibcode=1991JRSNZ..21..237C |doi-access=free |issn=0303-6758}}</ref> During the nineteenth century, as European colonisation took place, [[Acclimatisation society|acclimatisation societies]] were established.  The societies introduced a large number of species with no use other than as prey for hunting.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/38285949|title=Gamekeepers for the nation : the story of New Zealand's acclimatisation societies, 1861-1990|last=McDowall|first=R. M.|date=1994|publisher=Christchurch, N.Z. : Canterbury University Press|isbn=9780908812417|language=en|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801215957/https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/38285949|url-status=live}}</ref> Species that adapted well to the New Zealand terrain include [[deer]], [[pigs]], [[goats]], [[hare]], [[tahr]] and [[chamois]]. With wilderness areas, suitable forage, and no natural predators, their populations exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the [[natural environment]] and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource.

===Iran===
[[File:ChosroesHuntingScene.JPG|thumb|Plate depicting [[Khosrow I]] hunting animals]]
Iranian tradition regarded hunting as an essential part of a prince's education,<ref>{{Cite web|title=HUNTING IN IRAN i. In the pre-Islamic Period – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hunting-in-iran|access-date=2020-11-10|website=iranicaonline.org|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118175527/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hunting-in-iran|url-status=live}}</ref> and hunting was well recorded for the education of the upper-class youths during [[history of Iran#Classical antiquity|pre-Islamic Persia]]. As of October 2020, a hunting licensee costs $20,000. The Department of Environment although do not report the number of permits issued.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-11|title=مجوز شکار در ایران ۲۰ دلار یا ۲۰ هزار دلار؟ {{!}} پاسخ محیط زیست به انتقادات: صدور پروانه شکار کاملا فنی و کارشناسی شده است|url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/556550/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DB%B2%DB%B0-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%DB%B2%DB%B0-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE-%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA|access-date=2020-11-10|website=همشهری آنلاین|language=fa|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612164722/https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/556550/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DB%B2%DB%B0-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%DB%B2%DB%B0-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE-%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
The numbers of licensed hunters in [[Japan]], including those using [[snare trap|snares]] and guns, is generally decreasing, while their average age is increasing. {{as of|2010}}, there were approximately 190,000 registered hunters, approximately 65% of whom were sixty years old or older.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.env.go.jp/nature/choju/docs/docs4/menkyo.pdf |title=Nenreibetsu shuryō menkyo shojishasū |script-title=ja:年齢別狩猟免許所持者数 |trans-title=Number of hunting license holders by age |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724125201/https://www.env.go.jp/nature/choju/docs/docs4/menkyo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Trinidad and Tobago ===
There is a very active tradition of hunting small to medium-sized wild game in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Hunting is carried out with firearms, slingshots and cage traps, and sometimes aided by the use of hounds. The illegal use of trap guns and snare nets also occurs. With approximately 12,000 to 13,000 hunters applying for and being granted hunting permits in recent years, there is some concern that the practice might not be sustainable. In addition, there are at present no bag limits and the open season is comparatively very long (5 months – October to February inclusive). As such hunting pressure from legal hunters is very high. Added to that, there is a thriving and very lucrative black market for poached wild game (sold and enthusiastically purchased as expensive luxury delicacies) and the numbers of commercial poachers in operation is unknown but presumed to be fairly high. As a result, the populations of the five major mammalian game species ([[red-rumped agouti]], [[lowland paca]], [[nine-banded armadillo]], [[collared peccary]] and [[red brocket deer]]) are thought to be relatively low when compared to less-hunted regions in nearby mainland [[South America]] (although scientifically conducted population studies are only just recently being conducted {{as of|2013|lc=y}}). It appears that the [[red brocket deer]] population has been extirpated in [[Tobago]] as a result of over-hunting. By some time in the mid 20th century another extirpation due to over-hunting occurred in [[Trinidad]] with its population of [[horned screamer]] (a large game bird). Various herons, ducks, doves, the [[green iguana]], the [[cryptic golden tegu]], the [[spectacled caiman]], the [[common opossum]] and the [[capybara]] are also commonly hunted and poached. There is also some poaching of 'fully protected species', including [[Guyanan red howler|red howler]] monkey and [[capuchin monkey]]s, [[southern tamandua]], [[Brazilian porcupine]], [[yellow-footed tortoise]], the critically endangered island endemic [[Trinidad piping guan]] and even one of the national birds, the [[scarlet ibis]]. Legal hunters pay relatively small fees to obtain hunting licenses and undergo no official basic [[conservation biology]] or hunting-ethics/[[fair chase]] training and are not assessed regarding their knowledge and comprehension of the local wildlife conservation laws. There is presumed to be relatively little subsistence hunting in the country (with most hunting for either sport or commercial profit). The local wildlife management authorities are under-staffed and under-funded, and as such little in the way of enforcement is done to uphold existing wildlife management laws, with hunting/poaching occurring both in and out of season and even in wildlife sanctuaries. There is some indication that the government is beginning to take the issue of wildlife management more seriously, with well drafted legislation being brought before Parliament in 2015. It remains to be seen if the drafted legislation will be fully adopted and financially supported by the current and future governments, and if the general populace will move towards a greater awareness of the importance of wildlife conservation and change the culture of wanton consumption to one of sustainable management.