Editing Instructional scaffolding (section)

===Instructivism and guidance===
Instructionism are educational practices characterized for being instructor-centered. Some authors see instructionism as a highly prescriptive practice that mostly focuses on the formation of skills, that is very product-oriented and is not interactive;<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of research for educational communications and technology |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1996 |editor-last=Jonassen |editor-first=D. H. |location=New York |oclc=609554959}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2024}} or that is a highly structured, systematic and explicit way of teaching that gives emphasis to the role of the teacher as a transmitter of knowledge and the students as passive receptacles.<ref name="johnson">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=G. |date=2009 |title=Instructionism and Constructivism: Reconciling Two Very Good Ideas |url=https://archive.org/details/ERIC_EJ877941 |journal=International Journal of Special Education |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=90–98 |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> The 'transmission' of knowledge and skills from the teacher to the student in this context is often manifested in the form of drill, practice and rote memorization.<ref name="johnson"/> An 'instructionist', then, focuses on the preparation, organization and management of the lesson making sure the plan is detailed and the communication is effective.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adams |first1=G. L. |title=Research on Direct Instruction: 25 years beyond DISTAR |last2=Engelmann |first2=S. |publisher=Educational Achievement Systems |year=1996 |isbn=9780675210140 |location=Seattle |oclc=37500912}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kameenui |first1=E. J. |title=Effective teaching strategies that accommodate diverse learners |last2=Carnine |first2=D. W. |publisher=Merrill |year=1998 |isbn=9780133821857 |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2024}} The emphasis is on the up-front explicit delivery of instruction.<ref name="multiple"/>

Instructionism is often contrasted with constructivism. Both of them use the term ''guidance'' as means to support learning, and how it can be used more effectively. The difference in the use of guidance is found in the philosophical assumptions regarding the nature of the learner,<ref name="johnson"/> but they also differ in their views around the quantity, the context and the timing of guidance.<ref name="multiple"/> An example of application of instructionism in the classroom is [[Direct Instruction|direct instruction]].