Editing Interlingue (section)

===Phonology===
==== Vowels ====
Sources on the pronunciations of the vowels are contradictory. Some say that the vowels have their Continental values (that is, [a e i o u]), others that they have different qualities when long and short; they also differ on the number of diphthongs (e.g. ''au eu ay ey''). Earlier texts on Occidental described seven vowels (the five continental vowels plus y like {{IPAblink|y}}, namely French ''u'' or German ''ü'', and ''eu'' as German ''ö''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://occidental-lang.com/resources/cursberger.pdf|title=Occidental Course in 10 Lessons (English translation)}}</ref><ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/LOccidental_-_Langue_dintercomprehension_immediate.pdf L'OCCIDENTAL: Langue d'intercompréhension immédiate] (1928)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ÖNB-ANNO – Kosmoglott (Serie A) |url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0g&datum=1929&page=156&size=45 |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=anno.onb.ac.at}}</ref> but by the 1940s the official recommendation was that vocalic ''y'' be pronounced like ''i'' and eu as a diphthong instead of ''ö''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ÖNB-ANNO – Cosmoglotta (Serie B) |url=https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=e0m&datum=1945&page=50&size=45 |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=anno.onb.ac.at}}</ref><ref name="pbgrammar" /> Rough English equivalents for the vowels are as follows:<ref name="pbgrammar" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://occidental-lang.com/resources/cursberger.pdf|title=Curs de Occidental (Interlingue) – Ric Berger}}</ref><ref name="pbbasis">[http://interlingue.pbworks.com/w/page/4888206/The%20Basis%20of%20International%20Language The Basis of International language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103203743/http://interlingue.pbworks.com/w/page/4888206/The%20Basis%20of%20International%20Language|date=3 November 2013}}. Read 1 November 2013.</ref>

* '''a''' as in French, German, Spanish or Italian, or English f'''a'''ther.
* '''e''' open or closed, as German, Spanish or Italian, or English b'''e'''d and y'''e'''s.
* '''i''' as French, German, Spanish and Italian, or English mach'''i'''ne.
* '''o''' open or closed as in French, German, Spanish and Italian, or English d'''oo'''r, h'''o'''t.
* '''u''' as in German, Spanish and Italian, or English r'''u'''le, p'''u'''ll. '''U''' after q is a short, almost consonantal (w).
* '''y''' is a consonant after a vowel or beginning a word before a vowel, otherwise is pronounced as '''i'''.

Interlingue has non-obligatory vowel length. Rough English equivalents of the sounds are as follows:<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Pronunciation – Interlingue for Beginners |url=https://occidental-lang.com/interlingue-for-beginners/1.html |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=occidental-lang.com}}</ref>

*short '''a''' is /æ/ as in "pat"
*short e is /ɛ/ as in "pet"
*short '''i''' is /ɪ/ as in "pit"
*short '''o''' is /ɒ/ as in "pot"
*short '''u''' is /ʊ/ as in "put"

Vowels are short in the following cases:<ref name="pbgrammar" />

# Vowels are short in unstressed syllables (Accented vowels tend to be long: e in {{lang|ie|id'''é'''}}, o in {{lang|ie|son'''o'''ri}}, a in {{lang|ie|dram'''a'''tic}})
# Vowels are short  when followed by two consonants (unless the second consonant is ''r'' or ''l'', a preceding stressed vowel is long)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pronunciation – Interlingue for Beginners |url=https://occidental-lang.com/interlingue-for-beginners/1.html#6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184647/https://occidental-lang.com/interlingue-for-beginners/1.html#6 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=occidental-lang.com}}</ref>
# Vowels before a final ''c'', ''ch'' or ''x''
# Vowels in short grammatical particles tend to be short

Examples of long vowels: {{lang|ie|pur}}, {{lang|ie|robe}}, {{lang|ie|blu}}, {{lang|ie|fibre}}, {{lang|ie|table}}.<ref name=":18" />

Examples of short vowels: {{lang|ie|calm}}, {{lang|ie|old}}, {{lang|ie|potte}}, {{lang|ie|flagga}}, {{lang|ie|mann}}, {{lang|ie|fox}}, {{lang|ie|storc}}, {{lang|ie|in}}, {{lang|ie|it}}.<ref name=":18" />

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!{{Small|plain}}
!{{Small|sib.}}
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Plosive]]/<br />[[affricate]]
! scope="row" |{{small|[[Fortis and lenis|fortis]]}}
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|t͡s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |{{small|[[Fortis and lenis|lenis]]}}
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|d͡z}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Fricative]]
! scope="row" |{{small|fortis}}
|{{IPA link|f}}
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
| rowspan="2" scope="row" |{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! scope="row" |{{small|lenis}}
|{{IPA link|v}}
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" |[[Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɹ|r}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|}
The consonants are pronounced as in English, with the following exceptions:<ref name="pbbasis" />
*'''c''' when before e and i = {{IPA|ie|ts|label=}}: {{lang|ie|cive}}, {{lang|ie|helice}}, and otherwise as {{IPA|ie|k|label=}}
*'''g''' when before e and i = {{IPA|ie|ʒ|label=}}, French j, or English s in pleasure: {{lang|ie|plage}}, {{lang|ie|giraffe}}; but elsewhere c and g are hard as in can, go
*'''ss''' = {{IPA|ie|s|label=}} as in {{lang|ie|pass}}
*'''s''' between vowels = {{IPA|ie|z|label=}}: {{lang|ie|rose}}, {{lang|ie|positiv}}
*'''z''' = {{IPA|ie|dz|label=}}
*'''zz''' = {{IPA|ie|ts|label=}}
*'''ch''' = {{IPA|ie|ʃ|label=}}, English sh: {{lang|ie|chambre}}
*'''j''' = {{IPA|ie|ʒ|label=}}, French j, or English s in pleasure
*'''t''' as {{IPA|ie|t|label=}}, except when followed by ia, io, iu, or ie and not preceded by an s. Thus the t in {{lang|ie|nation}} is pronounced {{IPA|ie|ts|label=}} but in {{lang|ie|bastion}} as {{IPA|ie|t|label=}}.

Other doubled consonants are pronounced as a single consonant, unless when separated they would be pronounced differently. Ex. {{lang|ie|grammatica}} is pronounced as if written {{lang|ie|gramatica}}, but {{lang|ie|acceptar}} and {{lang|ie|suggestion}} are pronounced as if written as '''ac''' followed by '''ceptar''', and '''sug''' followed by '''gestion'''.<ref name="pbgrammar" />