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=== Islam === In [[Islam]], ''[[Jihad|greater jihad]]'' is the exertion of effort to internally struggle against one's evil inclinations.<ref name="DeLong-Bas 2018">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=DeLong-Bas |author-first=Natana J. |author-link=Natana J. DeLong-Bas |date=22 February 2018 |orig-date=10 May 2017 |title=Jihad |encyclopedia=Oxford Bibliographies – Islamic Studies |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0045 |url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0045.xml |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629215212/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0045.xml |archive-date=29 June 2016 |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jihad |year=2013 |editor=Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton, NJ]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]}}</ref> In [[Sufism]], ''[[nafs]]'' is in its unrefined state "the ego", which is considered to be the lowest dimension of a person's inward existence—his animal and satanic nature.<ref name="Chittick 1983">{{cite book | last = Chittick | first = William | author-link = William Chittick | title = The Sufi Path of Love | publisher = [[State University of New York Press]] | year = 1983 | page = 12 | isbn = 0-87395-724-5 | url = https://reverthelp.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/The-Sufi-Path-Of-Love-William-C.-Chittick.pdf }}</ref>
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