Editing Java (section)

==Demographics==

===Demographic profile===
[[File:Jakarta.jpg|left|thumb|[[Jakarta]], the capital of [[Indonesia]] ]]
{{Historical populations
|1961 | 63059575
|1971 | 76086320
|1980 | 91269528
|1990 | 107581306
|2000 | 121352608
|2010 | 136610590
|2015 | 145013583
|2020 | 151591262
|2024 | 156927804
|source=<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025 (and earlier editions)</ref>
|footnote=Refers to the administrative region (including Madura).
}}

Java has been traditionally dominated by an elite class, while the people in the lower classes were often involved in agriculture and fishing. The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history, as cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island. There is evidence that South Asian emigres were among this elite, as well as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras. More recently, Chinese immigrants have also become part of the economic elite of Java. Although politically the Chinese generally remain sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the former governor of Jakarta, [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]. Java houses the majority of Indonesia's urban population. Currently, 65% of the island is urbanized. Unlike the rest of Java, the population growth in Central Java remains low. Central Java however has a younger population than the national average.<ref>[http://www.bkkbn.go.id/kependudukan/Pages/DataSensus/Sensus_Penduduk/Pola_Perkawinan/Rata_Usia_Kawin_Pertama/Nasional.aspx Usia Kawin Pertama Rata-Rata Wanita Menurut Provinsi: Sensus Penduduk Tahun 1990, 2000 dan 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629055719/http://www.bkkbn.go.id/kependudukan/Pages/DataSensus/Sensus_Penduduk/Pola_Perkawinan/Rata_Usia_Kawin_Pertama/Nasional.aspx |date=2015-06-29 }}. Retrieved 16 August 2015.</ref> The slow population growth can in part be attributed to the choice by many people to leave the more rural Central Java for better opportunities and higher incomes in the bigger cities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/03/30/central-java-strives-alleviate-poverty.html |author=Agus Maryono |title=Central Java strives to alleviate poverty |work=The Jakarta Post |date=30 March 2009 |access-date=16 August 2015 |archive-date= 8 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908234750/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/03/30/central-java-strives-alleviate-poverty.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Java's population continues to rapidly increase despite many Javanese leaving the island. This is somewhat due to the fact that Java is the business, academic, and cultural hub of Indonesia, which attracts millions of non-Javanese people to its cities. The population growth is most intense in the regions surrounding [[Jakarta]] and [[Bandung]], which is reflected through the demographic diversity in those areas.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

===Population growth===
[[File:Population density map of Java and Madura by subdistrict (kelurahan) (2022).svg|thumb|left|upright=2|Population density of Java and Madura by subdistrict as of 2022, with major urban areas shown]]
Java is the [[List of islands by population|most populous major island in the world]] and is home to 55% of Indonesia's population, with a combined population of 156.9&nbsp;million according to the official estimates as at mid 2024 (including Madura's 4.16&nbsp;million).<ref name=JKTPOS>{{cite news |title=Population growth 'good for Papua' |date=23 August 2010 |access-date=30 August 2010 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/23/population-growth-%E2%80%98good-papua%E2%80%99.html |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |archive-date=24 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824053746/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/23/population-growth-%E2%80%98good-papua%E2%80%99.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> At nearly 1,183.5 people per km<sup>2</sup> in 2024, it is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world, on a par with [[Bangladesh]]. Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, with the people left to share the remaining flatter land. Because of this, many coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around the valleys surrounding volcanic peaks.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

The population growth rate more than doubled in economically depressed Central Java in the latest 2010–2020 period vs 2000–2010, indicative of migration or other issues; there were significant [[Mount Merapi#2006 eruption|volcanic eruption]]s during the earlier period. Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese,<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/ Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413004319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia |date=2021-04-13 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> while Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well.

The western third of the island (West Java, Banten, and DKI Jakarta) has an even higher population density, of roughly 1,563 per square kilometre and accounts for most of the population growth of Java.<ref name="JKTPOS"/> It is home to three metropolitan areas, [[Greater Jakarta]] (with outlying areas of Greater [[Serang]] and Greater [[Sukabumi]]), [[Bandung Metropolitan Area|Greater Bandung]], and Greater [[Cirebon]].{{cn|date=December 2023}}

From the 1970s to the fall of the [[Suharto]] regime in 1998, the Indonesian government ran [[transmigration program]]s aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results, sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived [[settler]]s. Nevertheless, it has caused Java's share of the nation's population to progressively decline.

Jakarta and its outskirts, being the dominant metropolis, is also home to people from all over the nation. East Java is also home to ethnic Balinese, as well as large numbers of Madurans due to their historic poverty.

===Ethnicity and culture===
{{See also|Culture of Indonesia|Music of Java|Music of Sunda}}
[[File:Three Betawi Dancers 20240622 115231.jpg|thumb|[[Betawi people|Betawi]] girl dancers]]
[[File:SambaSunda Quintett in Cologne (0244).jpg|thumb|[[SambaSunda]] music performance, featuring traditional [[Sundanese music]] instruments]]
[[File:Ramayana Java.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lakshmana]], [[Rama]] and [[Sita|Shinta]] in [[Ramayana]] ballet at [[Prambanan]], Java]]

Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]. A third group is the [[Madurese people|Madurese]], who inhabit the island of [[Madura Island|Madura]] off the northeast coast of Java, and have immigrated to [[East Java]] in large numbers since the 18th century.<ref name=Periplus58>{{cite book |last=Hefner |first=Robert |title=Java |publisher=Periplus Editions |year=1997 |location=Singapore |page=58 |isbn=978-962-593-244-6}}</ref> The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 38% and 10% respectively.<ref name=Periplus58/> The fourth group is the [[Betawi people]] that speak a dialect of [[Malay language|Malay]], they are the descendants of the people living around [[Jakarta|Batavia]] from around the 17th century. Betawis are [[creole people]], mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such as [[Ethnic Malay|Malay]], [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Minangkabau people|Minang]], [[Bugis people|Bugis]], [[Makassar people|Makassar]], [[Ambonese people|Ambonese]], mixed with foreign ethnic groups such as [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Arab]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and [[Indian people|Indian]] brought to or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs. They have a culture and language distinct from the surrounding [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] and [[Javanese people|Javanese]].{{cn|date=December 2023}}

The Javanese prose text [[Tantu Pagelaran]] ({{circa|15th century}}) explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the central part of Java or [[Yogyakarta]] is the Javanese people heartland and the north coast of the ''pasisir'' region, the [[Sundanese people|Sunda]] lands ([[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]: {{Sund|ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ}}, ''Tatar'' ''Sunda'') in the western part of Java and [[Parahyangan]] as the heartland, the [[eastern salient of Java]] also known as [[Banyuwangi|Blambangan]]. Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern Java.<ref name="Periplus58" /> The ''kejawen of Javanese'' culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy is based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.<ref name="Periplus58" /> The territory from [[Banyumas Regency|Banyumas]] in the west through to [[Blitar]] in the east and encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land.''<ref name="Periplus58" />''

In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the [[Banyumas Regency|Banyumasan]] region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the [[Banyumasan language|Banyumasan]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Java and Cambodia {{!}} Boundless Art History|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/java-and-cambodia/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref> In the central Javanese court cities of [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]] and [[Surakarta]], contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include [[gamelan]] music and [[wayang]] puppet shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Theatre-and-dance|title=Theatre and dance|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,<ref>See Wallace Stevens's poem "[[Tea (poem)|Tea]]" for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture.</ref> and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include ''[[Ken Arok]] and [[Ken Dedes]]'', the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''. [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]] is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends.

===Languages===
[[File:Java languages.JPG|thumb|Languages spoken in Java (Javanese is shown in white). "Malay" refers to [[Betawi language|Betawi]], the local dialect as one of Malay creole dialect.]]

The three major languages spoken on Java are [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] and [[Madurese language|Madurese]]. Other languages spoken include [[Betawi language|Betawi]] (a [[Malay language|Malay]] dialect local to the Jakarta region), [[Osing language|Osing]], [[Banyumasan language|Banyumasan]], and [[Tenggerese people|Tenggerese]] (closely related to Javanese), [[Baduy language|Baduy]] and [[Bantenese language|Bantenese]] (closely related to Sundanese), [[Kangean language|Kangean]]ese (closely related to Madurese), and [[Balinese language|Balinese]].<ref>[http://www.cityandsuburbancleaners.com.au/Languages-of-Indonesia.pdf Languages of Java and Bali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216214336/http://www.cityandsuburbancleaners.com.au/Languages-of-Indonesia.pdf |date=2017-02-16 }}. Other sources may list some of these as dialects rather than languages.</ref> The vast majority of the population also speaks [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], often as a second language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Ethnic-groups|title=Ethnic groups|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Java (2023)<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|date=31 December 2023|access-date=11 March 2024|language=id |title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 96.06
|color1 = DarkGreen
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 = 2.26
|color2 = DarkBlue
|label3 = [[Roman Catholicism]]
|value3 = 1.07
|color3 = Purple
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 0.48
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = [[Hinduism]]
|value5 = 0.11
|color5 = DarkOrange
|label6 = [[Aliran Kepercayaan]]
|value6 = 0.01
|color6 = Black
|label7 = [[Confucianism]]
|value7 = 0.013
|color7 = Red
}}
[[South Asia|Indian]] influences came first with [[Shaivism]] and [[Buddhism]] penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture.<ref name="kroef1961">{{cite journal |first=Justus M. |last=van der Kroef |title=New Religious Sects in Java |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=30 |issue=2 |year=1961 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.2307/3024260 |jstor=3024260}}</ref> One [[Conduit (spiritualism)|conduit]] for this were the [[asceticism|ascetic]]s, called ''resi'', who taught mystical practices. A ''resi'' lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, [[Brahmin]] clerics and ''pudjangga'' (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked [[Hinduism|Hindu]] cosmology to their political needs.<ref name="kroef1961"/> Small [[Hindu]] enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large [[Hindu]] population along the eastern coast nearest [[Bali]], especially around the town of [[Banyuwangi]].{{cn|date=December 2023}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Religions !! Total 
|-
| [[Islam]] || style="text-align:right;"|151,001,350
|-
| [[Protestantism]] || style="text-align:right;"|3,551,176
|-
| [[Roman Catholicism]] || style="text-align:right;"|1,677,824
|-
| [[Buddhism]] || style="text-align:right;"|755,560
|-
| [[Hinduism]] || style="text-align:right;"|168,055
|-
| [[Aliran Kepercayaan]] || style="text-align:right;"|21,855
|-
| [[Confucianism]] || style="text-align:right;"|20,303
|-
| '''Overall''' || style="text-align:right;"|'''157,196,123''' 
|}<ref name="RELIGION"/>
The coming of [[Islam]], strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. More than 98 percent of the [[Muslims]] in Java are [[Sunni|Sunnis]] with very minority being [[Shia]] and [[Ahmadis]] (respectively 1% and 0.2%), on a broad continuum between ''[[abangan]]'' (more syncretic) and ''[[santri]]'' (more orthodox). Muslim scholars (''[[Kyai]]'') became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal [[Clergy|priesthood]], but the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch colonial government]] established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese ''[[pesantren]]'' (Islamic schools), the ''Kyai'' perpetuated the tradition of the ''resi''. Students around him provided his needs, even [[peasant]]s around the school.<ref name="kroef1961"/>

<gallery class="center" mode="packed">
File:Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkartta, Candi Siliwangi Shrine.jpg|A [[Hindu]] shrine dedicated to [[King Siliwangi]] in [[Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta]], [[Bogor]]
File:Candi Mendut 1.jpg|Mendut Vihara, a Buddhist monastery near [[Mendut]] temple, [[Magelang]]
File:Masjid Agung Yogyakarta.jpg|[[Kauman Great Mosque|Masjid Gedhe Kauman]] in [[Yogyakarta]], built in traditional Javanese multi-tiered roof
File:Ganjuran Church, exterior 01.jpg|[[Ganjuran Church]] in [[Bantul]], built in traditional [[Javanese culture|Javanese architecture]]
</gallery>

Pre-Islamic Javan traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around ''kyais'', possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic [[Folklore|lore]], [[belief]] and practice.<ref name="kroef1961"/> The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the [[supernatural]]. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted [[schism (religion)|schism]]. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught [[mysticism]] and those who sought to reform Islam with modern scientific concepts. As a result, there is a division between ''santri'', who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with ''[[abangan]]'', who have mixed pre-Islamic [[animism|animistic]] and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic belief.<ref name="kroef1961"/>

There are also [[Christians|Christian]] communities, mostly in the larger cities, primarily among [[Chinese Indonesian]] and minority [[Javanese people|Javanese]] even some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the [[Chinese Indonesian]]. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions.

A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in [[Yogyakarta]] reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in [[Central Java]], 22 in [[West Java]] and six in [[East Java]].<ref name="kroef1961"/> These include [[Javanese beliefs|Kejawen]], [[Javanese beliefs|Sumarah]], [[Subud]], etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.<ref name="Beatty">Beatty, Andrew, ''Varieties of Javanese Religion: An Anthropological Account'', Cambridge University Press 1999, {{ISBN|0-521-62473-8}}</ref> [[Sunda Wiwitan]] is a traditional [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] religion, its adherents still exist in several villages.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dcTAQAAMAAJ&q=sunda+wiwitan+religion |title=Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine |date=2006 |publisher=Arsa Raya Perdana |language=en}}</ref>