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Kerala model
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==Opinions== British Green activist [[Richard Douthwaite]] interviewed a person who remembers once saying that "in some societies, very high levels β virtually First World levels β of individual and public health and welfare are achieved at as little as sixtieth of US nominal GDP per capita and used Kerala as an example".<ref>{{cite book |author=Douthwaite R |title=The Growth Illusion: How Economic Growth has Enriched the Few, Impoverished the Many, and Endangered the Planet |publisher=New Society Publishers |year=1999 |pages=310β312 |isbn=0-86571-396-0 |access-date=11 November 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZxJRc5_vbcC }}</ref>{{rp|310β312}} Richard Douthwaite states that Kerala "is far more sustainable than anywhere in Europe or North America".<ref>{{cite book |author=Heinberg R |title=Powerdown: Options And Actions for a Post-Carbon World |publisher=New Society Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=0-86571-510-6 |access-date=11 November 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAx1Jmyvz5wC |page=105 }}</ref> Kerala's unusual socioeconomic and demographic situation was summarized by author and environmentalist [[Bill McKibben]]:<ref name="McKibben_2006">{{Harv|McKibben|1999}}.</ref> :{|style="border:5px; border: thin solid #ddddff; background-color:#ddddff; margin:20px;" cellpadding="4" |- |Kerala, a state in India, is a bizarre anomaly among developing nations, a place that offers real hope for the future of the Third World. Though not much larger than Maryland, Kerala has a population as big as California's and a per capita annual income of less than $3000. But its infant mortality rate is very low, its literacy rate's among the highest on Earth, and its birthrate's below that of America's and falling faster. Kerala's residents live nearly as long as Americans or Europeans. Though mostly a land of paddy-covered plains, statistically Kerala stands out as the Mount Everest of social development; there's truly no place like it.<ref name="McKibben_2006" /> |} Kerala continues to lead [[Low income|low-income areas]] compared to the rest of India. Recent criticisms of the Kerala Model suggest that Kerala is losing its lead within India. K. K. George cites figures indicating that Punjab spends more per capita on education and that both [[Rajasthan]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] spend more per capita on health than Kerala. He also compares Kerala unfavorably with [[Maharashtra]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]], Rajasthan, and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in pension payments to [[Extreme poverty|destitutes]]. These weaknesses should not be overlooked, but they remain minor compared with Kerala's continuing overall ability to deliver a high material quality of life to its people as the indicators show. Oommen and Anandaraj district-level profile (1996) found 9 of Kerala's 14 districts among the top 12 in all of India on a composite of [[literacy]], [[life expectancy]], and several economic variables. Kerala's lowest district of [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] was 31st on a list of 372 districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Franke |first1=Richard |last2=Chasin |first2=Barbara |date=August 1999 |editor-last=Parayil |editor-first=Govindan |title=Is the Kerala Model Sustainable? Lessons from the Past: Prospects for the Future |url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~franker/KeralaPapers/ParayilBookdecconf.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530053528/https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~franker/KeralaPapers/ParayilBookdecconf.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2023 |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=montclair.edu |publisher=London: Zed Press |publication-place=The Kerala Model of Development: Perspectives on Development and Sustainability }}</ref> [[Prabhat Patnaik]] argued that the "[[liberalisation]]-cum-[[structural adjustment]] package of the [[IMF|Fund]] and the [[World Bank|Bank]]" presents a philosophy that asserts that the working masses need to make sacrifices today for the sake of providing incentives to [[Capitalism|capitalists]] for higher growth, from which those same [[Workforce|workers]] would benefit later. This β[[Trickle-down economics|trickle down]]β effect emphasizes the means augmenting [[Supply-side economics|supply-side measures]] necessary for the success of the Kerala Model. The βreformsβ observed, then, are more of a reflection of the structural changes made by the [[Indian economy]] which has increased supply side [[incentive]]s for capitalists. This has led to a rise in the degree of [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of the working people by cutting their so-called [[social wage]] and wrecking the internal balance of the production-structure, which should be taken into consideration when looking at the Kerala Model as a worthwhile example for other [[Third World|third world]] states. To Patnaik, an "important condition [...]for the adoption of a Kerala-type trajectory in any region" is that "the region itself" (or a larger region which contains that smaller region) has "an internally-balanced production-structure where it is self-sufficient in basic necessities". Since Structural adjustments "destroy the internal balance of the production-structure", Patnaik argued that sincere admirers of the Kerala model ought to "oppose the implementation of Fund-Bank-dictated economic 'reforms'[sic]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patnaik |first=Prabhat |date=1995 |title=The International Context and the "Kerala Model" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517890 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=23 |issue=1/3 |pages=37β49 |doi=10.2307/3517890 |jstor=3517890 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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