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Laboratory mouse
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==Husbandry== [[File:Lab mouse mg 3308.jpg|thumb|Laboratory mouse (note the [[Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals|ear tag)]]]] === Handling === Traditionally, laboratory mice have been picked up by the base of the tail. However, recent research has shown that this type of handling increases anxiety and aversive behaviour.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hurst JL, West RS | title = Taming anxiety in laboratory mice | journal = Nature Methods | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 825β6 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20835246 | doi = 10.1038/nmeth.1500 | s2cid = 6525713 }}</ref> Instead, handling mice using a tunnel or cupped hands is advocated. In behavioural tests, tail-handled mice show less willingness to explore and to investigate test stimuli, as opposed to tunnel-handled mice which readily explore and show robust responses to test stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gouveia K, Hurst JL | title = Optimising reliability of mouse performance in behavioural testing: the major role of non-aversive handling | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 7 | pages = 44999 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28322308 | pmc = 5359560 | doi = 10.1038/srep44999 | bibcode = 2017NatSR...744999G }}</ref> === Nutrition === In nature, mice are usually [[herbivore]]s, consuming a wide range of fruit or grain.<ref name=ecodome>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/MarsSim/SimHTML/organisms/mouse.html|title=Mouse Info|website=www.qrg.northwestern.edu}}</ref> However, in laboratory studies it is usually necessary to avoid biological variation and to achieve this, laboratory mice are almost always fed only commercial pelleted mouse feed. Food intake is approximately {{convert|15|g|abbr=on}} per {{convert|100|g|abbr=on}} of body weight per day; water intake is approximately {{convert|15|ml|abbr=on}} per 100 g of body weight per day.<ref name=lvma>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lvma.org/mouse.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120803201438/http://www.lvma.org/mouse.html|url-status=dead|title=Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association|archivedate=August 3, 2012}}</ref> ===Injection procedures=== [[Routes of administration]] of injections in laboratory mice are mainly [[subcutaneous administration|subcutaneous]], [[intraperitoneal administration|intraperitoneal]] and [[intravenous administration|intravenous]]. [[Intramuscular administration]] is not recommended due to small muscle mass.<ref name="duke">{{cite web|title=Guidelines for Selecting Route and Needle Size|url=http://vetmed.duhs.duke.edu/guidelines_for_needle_size_volume.htm|publisher=Duke University and Medical Center β Animal Care & Use Program|access-date=8 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609221642/http://vetmed.duhs.duke.edu/guidelines_for_needle_size_volume.htm|archive-date=9 June 2010}}</ref> [[Intracerebral administration]] is also possible. Each route has a recommended injection site, approximate [[Needle gauge comparison chart|needle gauge]] and recommended maximum injected volume at a single time at one site, as given in the table below: {|class="wikitable" ! [[Routes of administration|Route]] !! Recommended site<ref name="duke"/> !! [[Needle gauge comparison chart|Needle gauge]]<ref name=duke/> || Maximal volume<ref name=drexel>[http://www.drexelmed.edu/documents/ULAR/IACUC_drugs.pdf A Compendium of Drugs Used for Laboratory Animal Anesthesia, Analgesia, Tranquilization and Restraint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606212907/http://www.drexelmed.edu/documents/ULAR/IACUC_drugs.pdf |date=2011-06-06 }} at Drexel University College of Medicine. Retrieved April 2011</ref> |- | [[subcutaneous administration|subcutaneous]] || dorsum, between [[scapula]] || 25-26 [[Needle gauge comparison chart|ga]] || 2-3 [[millilitre|ml]] |- | [[intraperitoneal administration|intraperitoneal]] || [[left lower quadrant]] || 25-27 ga || 2-3 ml |- | [[intravenous administration|intravenous]] || [[lateral tail vein]]|| 27-28 ga || 0.2 ml |- | [[Intramuscular administration|intramuscular]] || hindlimb, caudal thigh || 26-27 ga || 0.05 ml |- | [[Intracerebral administration|intracerebral]]|| cranium || 27 ga |} To facilitate intravenous injection into the tail, laboratory mice can be carefully warmed under heat lamps to [[vasodilate]] the vessels.<ref name=duke/> ===Anaesthesia=== A common regimen for [[general anesthesia]] for the house mouse is [[ketamine]] (in the dose of 100 mg per kg body weight) plus [[xylazine]] (in the dose of 5β10 mg per kg), injected by the intraperitoneal route.<ref name=duke-anesthesia>[http://vetmed.duhs.duke.edu/guidelines_for_anesthetics_systemic_mouse.htm Guidelines for Systemic Anesthetics (Mouse)] From Duke University and Medical Center β Animal Care & Use Program. Retrieved April 2011</ref> It has a duration of effect of about 30 minutes.<ref name=duke-anesthesia/> ===Euthanasia=== Approved procedures for [[Animal euthanasia|euthanasia]] of laboratory mice include compressed {{CO2}} gas, injectable [[barbiturate]] [[anesthetics]], inhalable anesthetics, such as Halothane, and physical methods, such as cervical dislocation and decapitation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/rodent_laboratory/euthanasia.html |title=Euthanasia |work=Basic Biomethodology for Laboratory Mice |access-date=2012-10-17}}</ref> In 2013, the [[American Veterinary Medical Association]] issued new guidelines for {{CO2}} induction, stating that a flow rate of 10% to 30% volume/min is optimal for euthanasing laboratory mice.<ref name="2013 AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition">[https://www.avma.org/kb/policies/documents/euthanasia.pdf 2013 AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals]</ref>
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