Editing Line 1 Yonge–University (section)

== Service ==
=== Operation hours and frequency ===
As with other TTC subway lines, Line 1 operates most of the day and is generally closed between 2:00&nbsp;a.m. and 6:00&nbsp;a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] on weekdays and Saturdays, and between 2 a.m. to 8 a.m. on Sunday. Trains arrive at stations every 2 to 3 minutes during peak periods and every 4 to 5 minutes during off-peak periods.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ttc.ca/Subway/Stations/Union/station.jsp |title=TTC Union Station |access-date=February 4, 2015 |archive-date=January 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145544/http://ttc.ca/Subway/Stations/Union/station.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/routes-and-schedules#/1/0/14111 |title=Finch Station |access-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-date=October 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211030140956/https://www.ttc.ca/routes-and-schedules%23/listroutes/bus#/1/0/14111 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the morning peak, from 6:00&nbsp;am to 9:00&nbsp;am Monday to Friday, half the trains are turned back at [[Glencairn station]] resulting in limited service north of that point. The turnback was moved from [[St. Clair West station]] to Glencairn station in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stevemunro.ca/2016/08/11/ttc-service-changes-effective-sunday-september-4-2016/ |title=TTC Service Changes Effective Sunday, September 4, 2016 (Updated) |date=September 4, 2016 |access-date=May 7, 2019 |last=Munro |first=Steve |work=stevemunro.ca |author-link=Steve Munro |archive-date=May 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508014155/https://stevemunro.ca/2016/08/11/ttc-service-changes-effective-sunday-september-4-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and plans called for it to be moved farther to [[Pioneer Village station]] in December 2017 when the Line 1 extension opened.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

Overnight service on the Yonge segment of the line is provided by 320 Yonge Blue Night from [[Queens Quay (Toronto)|Queens Quay]] to [[Steeles Avenue]] with headways of 3 to 15 minutes. The University segment does not have an overnight service.

=== Rolling stock ===
[[File:Toronto Rocket.JPG|right|thumb|A [[Toronto Rocket]] train at [[Rosedale station (Toronto)|Rosedale station]]]]
<!--Please don't add too much detail about the Toronto Rocket trains here; further detail can be added to the Toronto Rocket article-->
Line 1 is operated using only the TTC's [[Toronto Rocket]] (TR) subway trains, which are based on [[Bombardier Movia|Bombardier's Movia family of trains]]<!--Don't bypass redirect per [[WP:NOTBROKEN]]-->. Unlike other trains in the [[Toronto subway rolling stock]], the TR trains have a "six-car fixed" articulated configuration with full-open gangways, allowing passengers to walk freely from one end to the other. The TR trains were scheduled for delivery starting between late 2009 and early 2010, but was delayed until late 2010 due to production problems. They entered revenue service on this line on July 21, 2011, replacing the older [[H series (Toronto subway)|H5]] and the [[T series (Toronto subway)|T1]] series trains, which had been used on this line. (The T1 series trains, which used to operate on this line from 1995 until 2015, were transferred over to [[Line 2 Bloor–Danforth]] where they replaced the older H4 and H6 series trains).

From the line's opening in 1954 until 1990, it was operated with [[G series (Toronto subway)|G-series cars]], and was also served with a mix of [[M series (Toronto subway)|M1]] and H1/H2/H4 subway cars between 1965 and 1999.

=== One-person train operation ===
Between 2021 and 2022, the TTC transitioned its Line 1 trains to one-person train operation (OPTO), which removes the secondary guard member – stationed at the rear end of the trains – who operated the doors. This change leaves only the subway drivers at the front to fill the dual role in 2023. OPTO went into effect between [[St. George station|St. George]] and [[Vaughan Metropolitan Centre station]]s in November 2021,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/riding-the-ttc/Updates/OPTO |website=ttc.ca |publisher=Toronto Transit Commission |access-date=March 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315083914/https://www.ttc.ca/riding-the-ttc/Updates/OPTO |archive-date=March 15, 2022 |url-status=live|title=OPTO }}</ref> and was rolled out on the rest of the line effective November 20, 2022.<ref name="TTC-2022-11-20">{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/service-advisories/Service-Changes/1-Line-1-Yonge-University-Service-increase |title=Line 1 (Yonge-University)–Service increase |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119015619/https://www.ttc.ca/service-advisories/Service-Changes/1-Line-1-Yonge-University-Service-increase | archive-date=November 19, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Gap trains ===
Gap trains are empty trains stored on [[pocket track]]s and brought into service in a gap between full-route trains to relieve overcrowding.<ref name="TheStar-2018-11-07">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/11/07/ttc-using-gap-trains-to-improve-service-on-busiest-subway-line.html |title=TTC using 'gap trains' to improve service on busiest subway line |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |first=Ben |last=Spurr |date=November 7, 2018 |access-date=November 8, 2018 |archive-date=November 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108175225/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/11/07/ttc-using-gap-trains-to-improve-service-on-busiest-subway-line.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2018, the TTC restarted the practice of using gap trains to relieve crowding at {{stl|TTC|Bloor–Yonge}} and {{stl|TTC|St. George}} stations, where respectively 225,000 and 135,000 passengers transfer trains daily. The TTC observed that one empty gap train can clear a crowded platform at Bloor–Yonge.<ref name="TheStar-2018-11-07" />

The TTC had previously run gap trains prior to late 2017 but had discontinued the practice because of a "change in operating philosophy". The practice was reinstated in response to a potentially dangerous overcrowding incident that occurred at Bloor–Yonge in January 2018.<ref name="TheStar-2018-11-07" />

In October 2018, the TTC used three gap trains, which sat on pocket tracks near {{stl|TTC|Davisville}}, {{stl|TTC|Eglinton}} and {{stl|TTC|York Mills}} stations and moved into southbound service when station over-crowding was detected. For November 2018, the TTC planned to run a fourth gap train (which would sit on either the pocket track between {{stl|TTC|Lawrence West}} and Glencairn stations or the pocket track between Eglinton West and St. Clair West stations) in the morning peak period plus another during the afternoon peak.<ref name="TheStar-2018-11-07" />

Gap trains can also increase the capacity of Line 1, which often runs above its scheduled capacity of 28,000 passengers per hour. To address that demand, the TTC normally runs an average of 25.5 trains per hour through Bloor–Yonge and St. George stations in the morning peak period. With three gap trains, it can run up to 28 trains per hour.<ref name="TheStar-2018-11-07" />

===Automatic train control===
{{also|Toronto subway#Signals}}
Starting in the late 2010s, the TTC began converting its [[fixed block|fixed-block]] signal system to a [[moving block]]—based [[automatic train control]] (ATC) system on Line 1 Yonge–University at a cost of $562.3{{nbsp}}million. Work to convert the line to use ATC was completed in September 2022.<ref name="TTC-2022-09-29">{{cite web |date=September 29, 2022 |title=TTC's Line 1 now running on an ATC signalling system |url=https://www.ttc.ca/news/2022/September/TTCs-Line-1-now-running-on-an-ATC-signalling-system |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929194155/https://www.ttc.ca/news/2022/September/TTCs-Line-1-now-running-on-an-ATC-signalling-system |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]]}}</ref>

The benefits of ATC are:

* a reduced headway between trains from 2.5 minutes to 2 minutes during rush hours, allowing a 25 percent increase in the number of trains that can operate<ref name="line1atc2">{{cite web |last1=Kalinowski |first1=Tess |date=November 20, 2014 |title=TTC signal solution promises subway relief someday — but for now, it's more delays |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2014/11/20/ttc_signal_solution_promises_subway_relief_someday_but_for_now_its_more_delays.html |access-date=November 29, 2015 |website=Toronto Star}}</ref>
* fewer signal-related delays relative to the old fixed-block system<ref name="TTC-2022-09-29" />
* a more efficient use of electricity, thus reducing operational costs<ref name="TTC-2022-09-29" />
* allowance for single-track, bidirectional operation for trains in passenger service, albeit with reduced frequency, which allow for off-hour maintenance of the opposite track<ref name="TTC-2020-04-27">{{cite web |date=April 27, 2020 |title=Line 1: Vaughan Metropolitan Centre to Pioneer Village single-track operation April 27 to 30 |url=http://www.ttc.ca/Service_Advisories/Subway_closures/Apr_27-30_VMC-Pioneer_Village.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429185950/http://www.ttc.ca/Service_Advisories/Subway_closures/Apr_27-30_VMC-Pioneer_Village.jsp |archive-date=April 29, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2020 |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]]}}</ref><ref name="TTC-2022-06-04">{{cite web |title=Line 1 (Yonge-University)–Wilson to Lawrence West single track operation June 4 and 5 - REVISED |url=https://www.ttc.ca/service-advisories/subway-service/1-Line-1-Yonge-University-Wilson-to-Lawrence-West-single-track-operation-June-4-and-5---REVISED |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605004739/https://www.ttc.ca/service-advisories/subway-service/1-Line-1-Yonge-University-Wilson-to-Lawrence-West-single-track-operation-June-4-and-5---REVISED |archive-date=June 5, 2022 |accessdate=June 4, 2022 |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]]}}</ref><ref name="TTC-2022-06-05">{{cite web |title=Service alerts |url=https://www.ttc.ca/service-alerts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605213415/https://www.ttc.ca/service-alerts |archive-date=June 5, 2022 |accessdate=June 5, 2022 |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |quote=Line 1: Today, trains between Wilson and Lawrence West stations will alternate use of the northbound track to accommodate work on the southbound track. Customers may experience longer than normal wait times.}}</ref>

==== History ====
In 2009, the TTC awarded a contract to [[Alstom]] to upgrade the signalling system of the existing section of Line 1, as well as equip its Toronto–York Spadina subway extension (TYSSE) into Vaughan, with [[moving block]]–based [[communications-based train control]] (CBTC) by 2012.<ref name="AlstomCBTCAward">{{cite news |last1=Vantuono |first1=William |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Alstom lands CBTC contract in Toronto |work=RailwayAge |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing |url=https://www.railwayage.com/news/alstom-lands-cbtc-contract-in-toronto/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506011052/https://www.railwayage.com/news/alstom-lands-cbtc-contract-in-toronto/ |archive-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref> The estimated cost to implement ATC on Line 1 was $562{{nbsp}}million, $424{{nbsp}}million of which was funded by Metrolinx.<ref name="line1atc2" /> 

The first section of the "Urbalis 400" ATC system on Line 1 entered revenue service on December 17, 2017, between Sheppard West and Vaughan stations, in conjunction with the opening of the extension project.<ref name="AlstomExtension">{{cite web |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Alstom's signalling system equips Toronto subway extension |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2017/12/alstoms-signalling-system-equips-toronto-subway-extension |access-date=December 8, 2018 |website=Alstom |format=Press release}}</ref> On November 4, 2017, the TTC successfully completed a 13-day test of ATC with trains using it in regular service between {{stl|TTC|Dupont}} and [[Yorkdale station|Yorkdale]] stations. At the conclusion of the test, the feature was turned off between these two stations to allow installation of ATC through the complex interchange at [[Wilson Yard]].<ref name="TheStar-2017-11-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2017/11/06/ttc-test-of-new-signalling-system-exceeded-expectations.html |title=TTC test of new signalling system 'exceeded expectations' |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |first=Ben |last=Spurr |date=November 6, 2017 |access-date=November 8, 2017 |archive-date=August 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823072849/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2017/11/06/ttc-test-of-new-signalling-system-exceeded-expectations.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

ATC was permanently extended south to Dupont station on December 3, 2018;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ttc.ca/News/2018/December/03_12_18NR_signal_upgrades.jsp|title=TTC completes signal upgrades between Dupont and VMC|access-date=December 7, 2018|archive-date=December 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206170759/http://ttc.ca/News/2018/December/03_12_18NR_signal_upgrades.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref> to St. Patrick station on May 12, 2019;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ttc.ca/News/2019/May/12_05_19NR_atc_to_stpatrick.jsp|title=TTC's ATC signal upgrades extend to St Patrick Station|access-date=May 15, 2019|archive-date=May 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515021320/http://www.ttc.ca/News/2019/May/12_05_19NR_atc_to_stpatrick.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref> to Queen station on February 24, 2020;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ttc.ca/News/2020/February/24_02_20NR_ATCExtended.jsp|title=TTC's new signaling system extended to Queen Station|access-date=February 26, 2020|archive-date=February 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226014009/http://www.ttc.ca/News/2020/February/24_02_20NR_ATCExtended.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref> to Rosedale station on November 21, 2020;<ref name="TTC-2020-11-23">{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/News/2020/November/23_11_20NR_ATC.jsp |title=TTC's ATC signal upgrades now extend from Vaughan Metropolitan Centre Station to Rosedale Station |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=November 23, 2020 |accessdate=November 23, 2020 |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124222519/https://www.ttc.ca/News/2020/November/23_11_20NR_ATC.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> to [[Eglinton station]] in October 2021;<ref name="TTC-2021-10-02">{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/Service_Advisories/Subway_closures/October_2-3_S-Y_B-Y.jsp |title=Line 1: Sheppard-Yonge to Bloor-Yonge full weekend closure October 2 and 3 |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=October 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001141944/https://www.ttc.ca/Service_Advisories/Subway_closures/October_2-3_S-Y_B-Y.jsp |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and finally to [[Finch station]] on September 24, 2022.<ref name="ATC complete">{{cite news |last=Landau |first=Jack |date=September 27, 2022 |title=TTC service just got a whole lot faster and more reliable with a major project complete |url=https://www.blogto.com/city/2022/09/ttc-service-faster-more-reliable-major-project-complete/ |location=Toronto, Ontario |access-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927233448/https://www.blogto.com/city/2022/09/ttc-service-faster-more-reliable-major-project-complete/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 

There was a phase 6 for fixes, improvements and enhancements, as well as an adjustment to ATC at Eglinton station to accommodate the shifting of the Line 1 platform north by {{convert|24|m}};<ref name="TTC-2022-07-ATC" />{{rp|8–9}} this was completed by May 14, 2023.<ref name="TTC-2023-05-11">{{cite web |url=https://www.ttc.ca/news/2023/May/Upcoming-TTC-subway-closures-and-weekend-diversions |title=Upcoming TTC subway closures and weekend diversions |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512212914/https://www.ttc.ca/news/2023/May/Upcoming-TTC-subway-closures-and-weekend-diversions | archive-date=May 12, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to September 2022, ATC was operating on 79 percent of Line 1, and the partial implementation of ATC had resulted in improvements. Trains travelled between Vaughan Metropolitan Centre and Rosedale stations 3.5 minutes faster. Just prior to 2020, ATC allowed for an 8 percent increase in trains per hour, and the number of trains scheduled in southbound service in the morning peak at Bloor–Yonge station increased from 22 to 25.5 trains per hour. Signal violations decreased by approximately 50 percent from 2017 to 2020.<ref name="TTC-2022-07-ATC" />{{rp|7}}

Converting all of Line 1 to ATC required the installation of 2,000 beacons, 256 signals, and more than {{convert|1000000|ft|order=flip}} of cable.<ref name="TTC-2022-09-29" />

{{as of|2023|5|14|df=US}}, the timetable for ATC conversion on Line 1 was:<ref name="TTC-2022-07-ATC">{{cite web |url=https://ttc-cdn.azureedge.net/-/media/Project/TTC/DevProto/Documents/Home/Public-Meetings/Board/2022/July-14/6_Automatic_Train_Control_Contract_Amendment.pdf |title=Automatic Train Control Contract Amendment |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710002703/https://ttc-cdn.azureedge.net/-/media/Project/TTC/DevProto/Documents/Home/Public-Meetings/Board/2022/July-14/6_Automatic_Train_Control_Contract_Amendment.pdf | archive-date=July 10, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|8}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Phase !! Location || Completion
|-
| 1
| [[Yorkdale station]] to [[Dupont station]]
| 2017 Q4
|-
| 2A
| [[Vaughan Metropolitan Centre station]] to [[Sheppard West station]]
| 2017 Q4
|-
| 2B & 2C
| [[Wilson Yard]] interface (Sheppard West station to Yorkdale station)
| 2018 Q4
|-
| 3A
| Dupont station to [[St. Patrick station]]
| 2019 Q2
|-
| 3B
| St. Patrick station to [[Queen station]]
| 2020 Q1
|-
| 3C
| Queen station to [[Rosedale station (Toronto)|Rosedale station]]
| 2020 Q4
|-
| 4
| Rosedale station to [[Eglinton station]]
| 2021 Q3
|-
| 5
| Eglinton station to [[Finch station]]
| 2022 Q3
|-
| 6
| Adjustments to ATC<!-- called "system wide" and "deployment" in TTC ref -->
| 2023 Q2
|}