Editing Mahmud II (section)

===Military reforms===
{{Further|Ottoman military reforms#Reforms of Mahmud II}}
[[Image:Mahmudiye (1829).jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Ottoman ship Mahmudiye|Mahmudiye]]'' (1829), built by the [[Imperial Arsenal (Ottoman Empire)|Imperial Arsenal]] on the [[Golden Horn]] in [[Constantinople]], was for many years the largest warship in the world. The 201 x 56 [[kadem]], or {{convert|76.15|x|21.22|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[ship of the line]] was armed with 128 cannons on 3 decks and carried 1,280 sailors on board. She participated in numerous important naval battles, including the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)]] during the [[Crimean War]].]]

Mahmud II dealt effectively with the military fiefs, the "[[Tımar]]"s, and the "Ziamet"s. These had been instituted to furnish the old effective military force, but had long ceased to serve this purpose. By attaching them to the public domains, Mahmud II materially strengthened the resources of the state, and put an end to a host of corruptions. One of the most resolute acts of his ruling was the suppression of the ''Dere Beys'', the hereditary local chiefs (with power to nominate their successors in default of male heirs), which, in one of the worst abuses of the Ottoman feudal system, had made themselves petty princes in almost every province of the empire.

The reduction of these insubordinate feudatories was not affected at once, or without severe struggles and frequent rebellions. Mahmud II steadily persevered in this great measure and ultimately the island of [[Cyprus]] became the only part of the empire in which power that was not emanating from the Sultan was allowed to be retained by ''Dere Beys''.

One of his most notable achievement was the abolition (through use of military force, execution and exile, and banning of the [[Bektashi]] order) of the [[Janissary]] corps, event known as [[The Auspicious Incident]], in 1826 and the establishment of a modern Ottoman army, named the [[Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye]] (meaning 'Victorious Soldiers of Muhammad' in Ottoman Turkish).

Following the loss of Greece after the [[Battle of Navarino]] against the combined British-French-Russian flotilla in 1827, Mahmud II gave top priority to rebuilding a strong Ottoman naval force. The first steamships of the [[Ottoman Navy]] were acquired in 1828. In 1829 the world's largest warship for many years{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}, the 201 x 56 [[Traditional Turkish units of measurement#List of units|kadem]] (1 kadem = 37.887 cm) or {{convert|76.15|x|21.22|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[ship of the line]] ''[[Ottoman ship Mahmudiye|Mahmudiye]]'', which had 128 cannons on 3 decks and carried 1,280 sailors on board, was built for the Ottoman Navy at the Imperial Naval Arsenal ([[Tersâne-i Âmire]]) on the [[Golden Horn]] in [[Constantinople]] ([[Traditional Turkish units of measurement#List of units|kadem]], which translates as "foot", is often misinterpreted as equivalent in length to [[Foot (unit)|one imperial foot]], hence the wrongly converted dimensions of "201 x 56 ft, or 62 x 17 m" in some sources.)