Editing Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (section)

=== Restructured Clinical (RC) scales ===

The Restructured Clinical scales were designed to be psychometrically improved versions of the original clinical scales, which were known to contain a high level of interscale correlation, overlapping items, and were confounded by the presence of an overarching factor that has since been extracted and placed in a separate scale ([[Resentful demoralization|demoralization]]).<ref>Bosch, P., Van Luijtelaar, G., Van Den Noort, M., Schenkwald, J., Kueppenbender, N., Lim, S., Egger, J., & Coenen, A. (2014). The MMPI-2 in chronic psychiatric illness. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55, 513-519.</ref> The RC scales measure the core constructs of the original clinical scales.  Critics of the RC scales assert they have deviated too far from the original clinical scales, the implication being that previous research done on the clinical scales will not be relevant to the interpretation of the RC scales. However, researchers on the RC scales assert that the RC scales predict pathology in their designated areas better than their concordant original clinical scales while using significantly fewer items and maintaining equal to higher internal consistency, reliability and validity; further, unlike the original clinical scales, the RC scales are not saturated with the primary factor (demoralization, now captured in RCdem) which frequently produced diffuse elevations and made interpretation of results difficult; finally, the RC scales have lower interscale correlations and, in contrast to the original clinical scales, contain no interscale item overlap.<ref>Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Sellbom, M., Arbisi, P. A., McNulty, J. L., & Graham, J. R. (2006). Further evidence on the validity of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Addressing questions raised by Rogers et al. and Nichols. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 148-171.</ref> The effects of removal of the common variance spread across the older clinical scales due to a general factor common to psychopathology, through use of sophisticated psychometric methods, was described as a [[paradigm shift]] in personality assessment.<ref>Rogers, R., Sewell, K. W., Harrison, K. S., & Jordan, M. J. (2006). The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical Scales: A paradigmatic shift in scale development. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 139-147.</ref><ref>Archer, R. P. (2006). A perspective on the Restructured Clinical (RC) Scale project. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 179-185.</ref> Critics of the new scales argue that the removal of this common variance makes the RC scales less ecologically valid (less like real life) because real patients tend to present complex patterns of symptoms.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Proponents of the MMPI-2-RF argue that this potential problem is addressed by being able to view elevations on other RC scales that are less saturated with the general factor and, therefore, are also more transparent and much easier to interpret.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Scale !! Abbreviation !! Name !! Description
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| RCd || dem || Demoralization || A general measure of distress that is linked with anxiety, depression, helplessness, hopelessness, low self-esteem, and a sense of inefficacy<ref name="Ben-Porath, 2012, p. 39-96">{{cite book|last1=Ben-Porath|first1=Yossef|title=Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF|date=2012|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|pages=39–96|chapter=Transitioning to the MMPI-2-RF: The Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales}}</ref>
|-
| RC1 || som || Somatic Complaints || Measures an individual's tendency to medically unexplainable physical symptoms<ref name="Ben-Porath, 2012, p. 39-96" />
|-
| RC2 || lpe || Low Positive Emotions || Measures features of anhedonia – a common feature of depression<ref name="Ben-Porath, 2012, p. 39-96" />
|-
| RC3 || cyn || Cynicism || Measures a negative or overly-critical worldview that is associated with an increased likelihood of impaired interpersonal relationships, hostility, anger, low trust, and workplace misconduct<ref name="Ben-Porath, 2012, p. 39-96" />
|-
| RC4 || asb || Antisocial Behavior || Measures the acting out and social deviance features of antisocial personality such as rule breaking, irresponsibility, failure to conform to social norms, deceit, and impulsivity that often manifests in aggression and substance abuse<ref name="Ben-Porath, 2012, p. 39-96" />
|-
| RC6 || per || Ideas of Persecution || Measures a tendency to develop paranoid delusions, persecutory beliefs, interpersonal suspiciousness and alienation, and mistrust<ref name="Ben-Porath, 2012, p. 39-96" />
|-
| RC7 || dne || Dysfunctional Negative Emotions || Measures a tendency to worry/be fearful, be anxious, feel victimized and resentful, and appraise situations generally in ways that foster negative emotions<ref name="Ben-Porath, 2012, p. 39-96" />
|-
| RC8 || abx || Aberrant Experiences || Measures risk for psychosis, unusual thinking and perception, and risk for non-persecutory symptoms of thought disorders<ref name="Ben-Porath, 2012, p. 39-96" />
|-
| RC9 || hpm || Hypomanic Activation || Measures features of mania such as aggression and excitability<ref name="Ben-Porath, 2012, p. 39-96" />
|}