Editing Mirror test (section)

===== Primates =====
* [[Bonobo]] (''[[Pan paniscus]]'')<ref name="Walraven">{{cite journal|last1=Walraven|first1=V.|last2=van Elsacker|first2=L.|last3=Verheyen|first3=R.|s2cid=38985498|year=1995|title=Reactions of a group of pygmy chimpanzees (''Pan paniscus'') to their mirror images: evidence of self-recognition|journal=Primates|volume=36|issue=1|pages=145–150|doi=10.1007/bf02381922}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Greg C. Westergaard|author2=C. W. Hyatt|s2cid=85077838|title=The responses of bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') to their mirror images: Evidence of self-recognition|journal=Human Evolution|date=1994|volume=9|issue=4|pages=273–279|doi=10.1007/BF02435514}}</ref>
*[[Bornean orangutan]] (''[[Pongo pygmaeus]]''):<ref name="Suarez">{{cite journal |last1=Suarez |first1=Susan D. |last2=Gallup |first2=Gordon G. |title=Self-recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=February 1981 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=175–188 |doi=10.1016/s0047-2484(81)80016-4 |bibcode=1981JHumE..10..175S }}</ref> However, mirror tests with an infant (2-year-old), male orangutan failed to reveal self-recognition.<ref name="Robert">{{cite journal |last1=Robert |first1=S. |title=Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes |journal=American Journal of Primatology |date=1986 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=109–117 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350100202 |pmid=31979488 |s2cid=85330986 }}</ref>
* [[Chimpanzee]] (''[[Pan troglodytes]]''):<ref name="Gallup" /><ref name="miller">{{cite news |title=Minding the animals: Ethology and the obsolescence of left humanism |last=Miller |first=J. |year=2009 |magazine=American Chronicle |url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/102661 |access-date=21 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first= D. |last=Povinelli |author2=de Veer, M.|author3= Gallup Jr., G.|author4= Theall, L.|author5= van den Bos, R. |s2cid=9400080 |title=An 8-year longitudinal study of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes'') |journal= Neuropsychologia |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=229–334 |doi=10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00153-7|year=2003 |pmid=12459221 }}</ref> However, mirror tests with an infant (11 months old) male chimpanzee failed to reveal self-recognition.<ref name="Robert" /> Two young chimpanzees showed retention of MSR after one year without access to mirrors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Calhoun |first1=Suzanne |last2=Thompson |first2=Robert L. |title=Long-term retention of self-recognition by chimpanzees |journal=American Journal of Primatology |date=1988 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=361–365 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350150409 |pmid=31968884 |s2cid=84381806 }}</ref>
* [[Western gorilla]] (''[[Gorilla gorilla]]''): Findings for western gorillas have been mixed; more so than for the other great apes. At least four studies have reported that [[gorilla]]s failed to show self-recognition.<ref name="Suarez" /><ref name="Shillito">{{cite journal|last1=Shillito|first1=D.J.|last2=Gallup|first2=G.G.|last3=Beck|first3=B.B.|year=1999|title=Factors affecting mirror behavior in western lowland gorillas, ''Gorilla gorilla''|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=57|issue=5|pages=999–1004|doi=10.1006/anbe.1998.1062|pmid=10328785|s2cid=23093090 }}</ref><ref name="Ledbetter">{{cite journal |last1=Ledbetter |first1=David H. |last2=Basen |first2=Jeffry A. |title=Failure to demonstrate self-recognition in gorillas |journal=American Journal of Primatology |date=1982 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=307–310 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350020309 |pmid=32192240 |s2cid=84369215 }}</ref><ref name="Nicholson">{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=India S. |last2=Gould |first2=Jay E. |title=Mirror mediated object discrimination and self-directed behavior in a female gorilla |journal=Primates |date=October 1995 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=515–521 |doi=10.1007/bf02382873 |s2cid=21450768 }}</ref> However, other studies have shown self-recognition in captive gorillas with extensive [[human]] contact. Such gorillas show less aversion to direct eye contact than wild gorillas. In wild gorillas, as in many other animals, prolonged direct eye contact is an aggressive gesture, and gorillas may fail the mirror test because they deliberately avoid closely examining or making eye contact with their reflections.<ref name="The Great Ape Project" /><ref name="Kind" /> Gorillas who have passed the MSR were habituated to the mirror before testing and were not subject to anesthesia during the marking process.<ref name="Allen">{{cite thesis | last=Allen | first=Melinda R. | date=2007 | title=Mirror self-recognition in a gorilla (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') | publisher=Florida International University | doi=10.25148/etd.fi13101588 | doi-access=free | degree=MS }}</ref><ref name="Posada">{{cite journal |last1=Posada |first1=Sandra |last2=Colell |first2=Montserrat |title=Another gorilla (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') recognizes himself in a mirror |journal=American Journal of Primatology |date=May 2007 |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=576–583 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20355 |pmid=17154375 |s2cid=44854009 }}</ref> [[Koko (gorilla)|Koko]] was among the gorillas who passed the MSR test under these circumstances.<ref name="The Great Ape Project">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/patterson01.htm|title=The Great Ape Project|author1=Patterson, F.|author2=Gordon, W.|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|year=1993|editor=Cavalieri, P.|pages=58–77|chapter=The case for personhood of gorillas|editor2=Singer, P.|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Kind">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiuwCgAAQBAJ|title=Persons and Personal Identity |last=Kind|first=Amy |date=2015-10-02|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781509500246|language=en}}</ref>