Editing Modoc people (section)

===Modoc War===
[[File:Captain Jack (Kintpuash), a Modoc subchief, executed October 3, 1873, bust-length, full-face, 1873 - NARA - 533242.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kintpuash]] (Captain Jack), a Modoc leader in the Modoc War.]]
{{Main|Modoc War}}
In November 1872, the [[U.S. Army]] was sent to Lost River to attempt to force Kintpuash's band back to the reservation. A [[Battle of Lost River|battle]] broke out, and the Modoc escaped to what is called [[Captain Jack's Stronghold]] in what is now [[Lava Beds National Monument]], [[California]]. The band of fewer than 53 warriors was able to hold off the 3,000 U.S. Army troops for several months, defeating them in combat several times. In April 1873, the Modoc left the Stronghold and began to splinter. Kintpuash and his group were the last to be captured, on June 4, 1873, when they voluntarily gave themselves up. U.S. government personnel had assured them that their people would be treated fairly and the warriors would be allowed to live on their own land.<ref name=arnoldrange>Arnold, ''et al.'', pp. 507–509</ref>

The U.S. Army tried, convicted and executed Kintpuash and three of his warriors in October 1873 for the murder of Major General [[Edward Canby]] earlier that year at a parley. Canby had violated agreements made with the Modoc. The Army sent the rest of the band to Oklahoma as [[prisoners of war]] with [[Scarfaced Charley]] as their chief. The tribe's spiritual leader, [[Curley Headed Doctor]], was also forced to remove to [[Indian Territory]].<ref name=arnoldrange/><ref>Kessel and Wooster, p. 160</ref>

In the 1870s, [[Peter Cooper]] brought Indians to speak to Indian rights groups in eastern cities. One of the delegations was from the Modoc and Klamath tribes. In 1909, the group in Oklahoma was given permission to return to Oregon. Several people did, but most stayed at their new home.<ref>[http://www.modoctribe.net/history.html History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724034726/http://www.modoctribe.net/history.html |date=2008-07-24 }}, Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma official website</ref>